tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-428178685107650692024-03-12T19:37:37.115-07:00Cheap personal essay for dental schoolJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.comBlogger1207125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-8818721881790169502020-08-25T18:05:00.001-07:002020-08-25T18:05:04.645-07:00Market Failure Failure in CompetitionMarket Failure in Competition Market disappointment emerges in a circumstance where the results that the market produces are not proficient in meeting the consumersââ¬â¢ needs. Then again, it can emerge when the market is unequipped for meeting the balance. Strikingly, the market execution relies upon the association among purchasers and produces, government cooperation, and other externalities.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Market Failure: Failure in Competition explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various types of market disappointments specifically, externalities, presence of open merchandise, disappointment of rivalry, data asymmetry, imbalances, and monetary downturn or swings (Market Failure, n.d.). In this perspective, a definite examination of disappointment in rivalry will be inspected. These viewpoints remember for profundity investigation and practicable cures in the genuine market. Disappointment in rivalry happens in a market when there is a sole o r a couple of makers or purchasers of a given product. This outcomes in amassing of unbalanced powers along these lines, upsetting the ordinary interest and gracefully of the given item or administration. In this circumstance, value instrument that includes collaboration of flexibly and request bends doesn't decide the costs (Forms of Market Failure, 2012). For example, a cartel in the oil business can choose to bundle the item at her/his ideal amounts for vital reasons. The cartel does this freely with no impact from the market powers. Another model can be a sole sugar provider who chooses to accumulate his/her items at that point, sells when there is no sugar in the market. Obviously, the provider will cite his/her own cost, as he/she isn't constrained by the market estimating components. Since there is no other option or substitute to the items, this circumstance will compel shoppers to buy the items a long ways past the normal market cost. From this perspective, imposing busines s model or nonattendance of rivalry in the market prompts clear market disappointment. As I would see it, disappointment in rivalry in a market will offer the providers and cartels the chance to direct their own costs, which are not in accordance with the current market patterns (Forms of Market Failure, 2012). On the other front, for a situation where there is a sole purchaser of an item, it will constrain the makers to sell their merchandise far underneath the genuine market cost. Along these lines, disappointment by the administration to mediate and control restraining infrastructure in a market, obviously, prompts showcase disappointment. Restraining infrastructure, whenever permitted to proceed in a market may prompt misuse of purchasers as far as high estimating, convenient redemption, and low item quality. In a monopolistic market, it is uncommon for different organizations to enter and offer comparable administrations because of the predominance of the other organization. So far as that is concerned, there ought to be arrangements that can be received to limit the above scenario.Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Firms that abuse their monopolistic forces can work under value controls. Here, the legislature can set up value controls, where the firm/organization concurs with the controller on the greatest conceivable value they can require on their items. A genuine model is the setting up of the Office of Fair Trading by the United Kingdomââ¬â¢s government. This bodyââ¬â¢s sole command is to guarantee that the costs of basic merchandise like water and gas are beneath the current swelling rate (Monopoly Power, n.d.). The administration, consequently, ought to intercede and set up such bodies to screen value variety of products or administrations from monopolistic firms. Aside from this, the administration can procure a few pieces of the organization; for instance, gain about half of the companyââ¬â¢s shares. This methodology will make the organization change judgment, despite the fact that it will in any case be the main maker, as it will be under the governmentââ¬â¢s close watch. It additionally changes the organization proprietorship from full exclusive to incompletely exclusive organization. The legislature will guarantee that the products or administrations offered as are not past the buyers reach and not misusing them. Moreover, the legislature can support setting up of littler firms that offer same administrations. The administration can sponsor the underlying expense of beginning such firms or decrease the systems of setting up such firms (Monopoly Power, n.d.). At the point when this occurs, decentralization of creation happens along these lines, making a serious market that for the most part decides its costs through the powers of interest and gracefully. For instance, the passage of other corres pondence firms in Britain made the British Telecom increment their productivity and even lower their costs so as to adapt up to the current condition of rivalry in the market (Stigler, n.d.). A case of setting up littler firms can be found in the Microsoft predominance in giving both the working frameworks and the product. The EU is mulling over of parting the organization into two primary wings, that is, the product wing and the working framework wing. Definitively, monopolistic markets accompany unfriendly impacts to the purchasers; thusly, needs quick government inclusion. Notwithstanding, financial experts contend that imposing business model is of incredible advantage to the makers, as they get better yields on their speculations than when such situation was not at hand.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Market Failure: Failure in Competition explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the makers make a great deal of riches, there is the ethical angle that isn't tended to. In this manner, placing the moral angles as a main priority, markets need reasonable rivalry to turn away the above talked about circumstances. References Forms of Market Failure. (2012, October 24). The ICT Regulation Toolkit. Web. Market Failure. (n.d.). Oxford University Press. Web. Imposing business model Power. (n.d.). Financial aspects Online Home. Web. Stigler, G. J. (n.d.). Imposing business model: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty. Library of Economics and Liberty. Web. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-85277622048067117842020-08-22T05:21:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:21:12.136-07:00Intelligence Definition and Measurement Paper EssayKnowledge Definition and Measurement Paper - Essay Example In Part 1 of the article, observational discoveries are recorded that are predictable with a heterocyst theory however render different speculations either impossible or hard to test. In Part 2, a conventional model of the procedure of heterocyst is introduced. The objective of the displaying is to build up a quantitatively thorough strategy for assessing the potential commitment of heterocyst in the Flynn impact, just as patterns saw in other heritable attributes and conditions. Various investigations of the age-grade progress of younger students have managed persuading proof regarding the extent and reality of the impediment issue. Insights gathered in several urban areas in the United States show that between a third and a portion of the younger students neglect to advance through the evaluations at the normal rate; that from 10 to 15 percent are hindered two years or more; and that from 5 to 8 percent are impeded in any event three years. More than 10 percent of the $400,000,000 every year exhausted in the United States for school guidance is dedicated to re-instructing youngsters what they have just been educated however have neglected to learn. The main endeavors at change which came about because of these discoveries depended on the speculation that the shades of malice which had been found could be cured by the individualizing of guidance, by improved techniques for advancement, by expanded thoughtfulness regarding youngsters' wellbeing, and by different changes in school organization. Despite the fact that changes thusly have been profitable of much good, they have by the by been in a measure frustrating. The difficulty was, they were again and again dependent on the supposition that under the correct conditions all kids would be similarly, or similarly, equipped for gaining good school ground. Mental investigations of younger students by methods for normalized insight tests have demonstrated that this assumption isn't as per the realities. It has been discovered that kids don't fall into two very much characterized gatherings, the moronic and the typical. Instead, there are numerous evaluations of knowledge, going from ineptitude from one perspective to virtuoso on the other. Among those classed as typical, immense individual contrasts have been found to exist in unique mental blessing, contrasts which influence significantly the ability to benefit from school guidance. We are starting to understand that the school must consider, more genuinely than it has yet done the presence and criticalness of these distinctions in blessing. Rather than squandering vitality in the vain endeavor to hold intellectually slow and inadequate youngsters up to a degree of progress which is typical to the normal kid, it will be more astute to assess the imbalances of kids in unique gift and to separate the course of study so that every kid will be permitted to advance at the rate which is ordinary to him, regardless of whether that rate be fast or moderate. While we can't hold all youngsters to a similar standard of school progress, we can in any event forestall the sort of impediment which includes disappointment and the redundancy of a school grade. It is all around ok perceived that youngsters don't enter with especially pizzazz upon school work in which they have once fizzled. Disappointment pounds fearlessness and demolishes the soul of work. A huge extent of young sters in the schools are procuring Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-50244062592299271212020-08-07T10:10:00.001-07:002020-08-07T10:10:03.778-07:00The CFPBs New Payday Lending Rule Is a Big Win The CFPBs New Payday Lending Rule Is a Big Win for Socially Responsible LendingThe CFPBs New Payday Lending Rule Is a Big Win The CFPBs New Payday Lending Rule Is a Big Win for Socially Responsible Lending The CFPBs New Payday Lending Rule is a Big Win for Socially Responsible Lending The CFPBs New Payday Lending Rule is a Big Win for Socially Responsible LendingPayday and title lenders will be tasked with making sure their customers can actually afford their products.Last week, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) finally announced a new rule aimed at curbing predatory payday debt traps. The rule marks a large step forward for the bureauâs attempts to regulate the payday and title lending industries and to protect vulnerable consumers.âThe CFPBâs new rule puts a stop to the payday debt traps that have plagued communities across the country,â said CFPB Director Richard Cordray in a press release. âToo often, borrowers who need quick cash end up trapped in loans they canât afford. The ruleâs common sense ability-to-repay protections prevent lenders from succeeding by setting up borrowers to fail.ââOnly time will tell if these âfull payment testsâ will lower the number of full payment loans given to those who canât pay them back,â says finance writer Jen Smith. âSomeone will eventually find a way to manipulate it for their gain but I think itâs a step in the right direction and a sign the CFPB is still working to protect consumers.So, okay, awesome. But what does all of this actually mean?Letâs break it down, shall we?What are payday and title loans?The new rule primarily affects payday loans and title loans, but it will also apply to deposit advance products and certain longer-term loans (up to 45 days) that feature âballoon paymentsâ towards the end of the loanâs term.If youâre not familiar with payday and title loans, then weâll give you a brief refresher:Payday loans are short-term, small-dollar personal loans. They usually have principals of a few hundred dollars, and the average length of their repayment term is only two weeks. Payday loans are no credit check loans, which means the lenders do not check a customerâs credit score during the loan application process.The loans are desig ned to be paid back all at once, oftentimes through a post-dated check that the customer gives to the lender when the loan is issued or through a debit agreement wherein the lender can automatically withdraw the funds from the customerâs account.If a customer canât pay the loan back on time, they might be given the option to roll the loan over (extending the due date for an extra fee) or taking out another loan immediately after theyâve paid the first loan off.Because payday loans charge interest over such a short repayment period, their annual percentage rates are astronomical compared to traditional loans. While their rates may vary, theyâre often in the neighborhood of 300 percent or even higher!Title loans are another kind of short-term loan that use the borrowerâs car title as collateral. If the borrower cannot pay the loan back, the lender can seize their car and sell it in order to make up its losses.Because theyâre secured by collateral, title loans have much hig her principals than payday loans. However, they are also built to be paid back all at onceâ"a structure thats known as âlump sum repayment.âThe average term of a title loan is only a month, but the average interest rate is 25 percent, which means that their average APR is 300 percent! If a borrower cannot pay their loan back, they might be forced to extend their loan, again and again, each time racking up additional costs without ever getting closer to paying down their original principal.When the CFPB talks about the payday debt trap, theyâre talking about situations like that.The CFPBâs rule centers around the âfull payment test.âPayday and title loans are bad credit loans, which means that theyre aimed at people with low credit scores. These are folks who often have low incomes and little-to-no life savings, and their bad credit scores have cut them off from borrowing options at traditional lenders. When they encounter a financial emergency or find they canât mak e ends meet, they see payday and title loans as possibly their only choice.In situations such as these, it might seem like a blessing to them that payday and title lenders do not check their credit scores or their ability to repay their loan. Doing so might lead the lender to deny the customerâs application.However, the CFPB sees things a little bit differently. They believe lenders should be checking a customers ability to repay their loan the first timeâ"without rolling it over or reborrowing. Thatâs what their new rule is going to make lenders do.Hereâs how the CFPBâs new âfull payment testâ rule will workThe CFPBâs full payment test will require that lenders determine whether a customer can afford to repay their loan while also affording their other major financial obligations, including living expenses.For payday and title loans that require lump sum repayment, the CFPB is defining full payment as âbeing able to afford to pay the total loan amount, plus fees an d finance charges within two weeks or a month.âFor longer-term loans with balloon payments, the CFPB is defining full repayment as âbeing able to afford the payments in the month with the highest total payments on the loan.âLenders will be required to âverify income and major financial obligations and estimate basic living expenses for a one-month periodâ"the month in which the highest sum of payments is due.âThe rule will also cap the number of loans that can be taken out by a borrower âin quick successionâ to three.Once a borrower has reached their third loan, the CFPBâs rule will mandate a 30-day âcooling-off periodâ before they can take out another loan.Lenders can skip the full payment test if they offer a âprincipal pay-off option.âThe CFPB will offer an exemption from this full payment test for certain short-term loans if the lender offers customers a âprincipal pay-off option.â This option is designed to get consumers out of debt gradually over timeâ"more like traditional installment loans.If a customer canât pay their loan off on time, they will be given the option of paying it off over two subsequent loans, each with a smaller and smaller principal amount.The customer will have to pay off at least one-third of their original balance with each loan.The rule will be restricted to loans with principals of $500 or less.These loans cannot use a car title as collateral or be structured as open-ended lines of credit.The lender is prohibited from offering this option over more than three loans.The rule also prohibits the lender from offering this option to a customer âif the consumer has already had more than six short-term loans or been in debt for more than 90 days on short-term loans over a rolling 12-month period.âSome lenders and loans will be exempt from this rule.The CFPB does carve out some space for lenders whose loan volume is either very small or who are already following guidelines meant to protect customers from predatory payday lending.According to the CFPBâs press release, âThese are usually small personal loans made by community banks or credit unions to existing customers or members.âLenders will be exempt if:They offer â2,500 or fewer covered short-term or balloon-payment loans per year.âThey derive âno more than 10 percent of its revenue from such loans.âThey are offering loans that âgenerally meet the parameters of âpayday alternative loansâ authorized by the National Credit Union Administration.âThe rule also âexcludes from coverage certain no-cost advances and advances of earned wages made under a wage advance program.âThe rule institutes a âdebit attempt cut-offâThis last feature of the CFPBâs new rules involves a lenderâs attempts to continually debit a customerâs bank account for the amount owed.The reason for this is simple: If a person is unable to repay their loan, repeated debits on their account will only rack up additional bank fe es and could even lead to them losing their account altogether.This section of the rule applies short-term loans, as well as any longer-term loan with an APR above 36 percent. It has two main features:After two straight unsuccessful debit attempts, a lender must stop debiting the account until they get a new authorization from the customer.If a lender is going to debit a customerâs account âat an irregular interval or amountâ, they must first give them written notice.The rule is a great step forward in protecting consumers but we still have room to grow,â says Smith. âI suggest people never give a creditor your debit account information because they will not stop debiting your account until theyâre paid in full. The debit attempt cutoff rule will save consumers a lot of fees associated with this problem.âSo what happens now?Well, thatâs a tricky question, isnât it? The rules wonât fully take effect for 21 monthsâ"which means mid-2019. Between now and then, a lot could change. There could be lawsuits, for instance, or there could be attempts by the payday lending industry to compromise with the CFPB in return for some relief from regulation.Director Richard Cordrayâs terms will be up in 2018 before the majority of these rules are in effect. He was an Obama appointee, while his successor will be appointed by Trump. Itâs safe to say that whoever ends up replacing might have fairly contrary views to those held by Cordray.Certain corners of the payday lending industry are predicting a mini-collapse if these rules take effect. They claim razor-thin profit margins that wonât be able to withstand the burdens that these regulations place on them.The biggest worry with this new rule is that customers for whom subprime loans are their primary access to credit will find themselves cut off entirely.However, the biggest hope is that financial institutions of all sorts will rise to the occasion and start offering better, more affordable, more soci ally responsible products to customers with not-so-great credit.Only time will tell, but as a company that is already offering people with poor credit a safer and more affordable alternative to predatory payday loans, all of us here at OppLoans are pretty dang optimistic.What do you think about the CFPBâs new rule? We want to know! You can email us or you can find us on Facebook and Twitter. Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsJen Smith is a personal finance and debt payoff expert. She has been featured on Student Loan Hero, The Penny Hoarder, and AOL Finance. Her website is SavingWithSpunk.com Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-37059362527314612012020-05-23T10:42:00.001-07:002020-05-23T10:42:04.445-07:00Advantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media - 750 Words 1 Social Media Somalia Sexton September 30, 2017 HUM/186 Allyson Wells 2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of easily obtainable information? Easily obtainable information is convenient for the most part. It allows you to do a million things at once. It saves you a lot of time while getting things done. If youââ¬â¢re a lazy person when it comes to researching things, easily obtainable information is more convenient for you. Easily finding information on the web requires little to no research. A disadvantage of easily obtainable information is that you donââ¬â¢t know how credible or reliable the information and source is. Doing research to find out how credible it is can take too much time and nature waits for no one.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦These disadvantages allow anyone to publicly humiliate you and defecate your character. Social media sometimes conveys inauthentic expression of feelings which some people can take the wrong way. The world we live in today, a lot of people use social media as a platform to specifically hurt other peo ple. Social media also causes a lack of face to face communication skills. What I mean by that is, most people say more behind a computer screen now rather than in person. These disadvantages are very common in the world we live in today. How might knowing these advantages and disadvantages alter how a person might use social media? I think knowing these advantages and disadvantages may alter how a person might use social media by making them more aware of what could possibly happen if they donââ¬â¢t take caution when exploiting their private life all over the internet. Most likely once itââ¬â¢s there itââ¬â¢s there for good whether you delete it or not, someone already saw it and probably saved it. Knowing these can also help people limit how much information they display and obtain. Most people that donââ¬â¢t know these advantages and disadvantages, may possibly rethink even having 4 any social media pages. It is good to know these advantages so you can be more aware and protect your identity and know who to communicate with and to a certainShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1177 Words à |à 5 PagesRunning Head: SOCIAL MEDIA 1 SOCIAL MEDIA 5 Social Media Name Institution Date Social Media Advantages and Disadvantages of Easily Obtainable Information In the contemporary world, social networks, and the general internet has an eminent role as sources of wide range information feeding people in different sectors with the type of information they seek spontaneously. Much of easily obtainable informationRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media805 Words à |à 4 Pages Society relies on information that they obtain from the news, media, social media sites to gather the newest information or current events. As the technology years keep advancing there are newer forms of finding out current events or situations that are occurring around the world. People are now able to get news faster then what they have a century ago. Thereââ¬â¢s social media sites like Facebook, there are news channel apps that send you alerts on your cellular device when the storyRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Social Media1025 Words à |à 5 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of social media Tabitha HUM/186 May 7, 2012 University of Phoenix Advantages and Disadvantages of social media In todayââ¬â¢s world, many people depend on the internet for news and entertainment, yet other people worry about how reliable it can really be. Now days you can sign on the internet and find any information that you want, from the weather, to the news, to your favorite video. Many people have started to rely on the internet for research for school, butRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media769 Words à |à 4 Pages Social Media Paper Joshua Yates HUM/186 10/1/2017 Allyson Wells ââ¬Æ' The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media and Obtainable Information Social media has become an integrated part of our culture and a useful communication tool when properly used. Every day people log on to social media sites to get updates on everything from celebrities, family, and friends to top stories and breaking news. We also use social media in our professional lives. Individuals use social media as a cost-effectiveRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1041 Words à |à 5 PagesNOT APA FORMATTED NO SOURCES Social Media Paper Jerald Washington University of Phoenix HUM/186 ââ¬Æ' In the modern world, it has become very easy to obtain information from social media, and this happens instantaneously. It is essential to appreciate all advantages and disadvantages before making use of social media. One advantage of easily obtainable information is expediency. It is convenient for people to be in one place and catch the hottest news, listen to the fresh top songs onRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1280 Words à |à 6 PagesSocial Media Brenton Adams HUM/186 08/28/2017 Allyson Wells Social Media We have all seen how friends, family, acquaintances and more talk to each other through social media platforms; often with personal disregard and by providing misinformation. Similarly, we have also seen rotating ââ¬Å"newsâ⬠articles and other tidbits of information being passed around, though how much is accurate? Being able to have information rapidly available can be beneficial, though distinguishing fact from fictionRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1133 Words à |à 5 Pagestakes on social media and when that is applied and used in an organization it is called enterprise social media or networking. Using social media has allowed the people of this world to converse with the push of a button over multiple ways. As with face-to-face communication or email, social media providing means for a company as means for a communication can provide barriers. For organizations, social media could provide many profitable advantages as well as consequences with disad vantages. EnterpriseRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1327 Words à |à 6 Pagesproblems and threats but, we could avoid or prevent it from happening. Currently, with the high number of emerging Social Media sites like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and a lot more to discover, we are exposed to all possibilities. These Social media platforms bring along with them advantages where we could greatly benefit from it and also disadvantages. Benefits mean Social Media builds a good relationship with its users among other users too whether it s your long lost friend or mutual friendsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1292 Words à |à 6 PagesAbstract: Social media networking has completely transformed the way businesses market and recruits potential employees. Marketing and recruiting was simply done through printing ads in newspapers. Now social media networking is done through ââ¬Å"postingâ⬠open discussions on the business website or social media sites. Social media has allowed business to also promote their brand, hire, communicate, and connect with many people and organizations. This paper will help y ou to understand how businesses incorporateRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media857 Words à |à 4 Pages Social Media Alex Mitchell HUM/186 Allyson Wells October 1,2017 Social Media Social media has changed the world that we live in. With so many people using it for everything from personal use to professional use, it is one of the main ways that we communicate. Social media is not used just for keeping up with family and friends anymore. Nowadays, companies also use social media to help them spread the word of their company. With so much information on social media sites, it Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-52159287032780585432020-05-12T05:05:00.001-07:002020-05-12T05:05:04.146-07:00Gender Discrimination Essay - 1312 Words Rachel Reynolds Mrs. Geaman Soph. English 1 21 March 2014 Argumentation Essay We live in a society today that says we do not discriminate, that we learned from the past and are above that now. It is heavily taught in schools at a young age that discrimination was a thing of the past, that no one will be treated differently because of who they are. Some preach this idea so fiercely, yet there are untold numbers of circumstances in which people of all kinds are set apart and alienated from others, and the people that preach against it refuse to see it even when it is right under their nose. We are currently living in the delusion that discrimination does not exist, when in fact it happens every day and in many ways. The struggle forâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia at the time, made what is widely regarded as The Misogyny Speech in response to the Opposition Leader, Tony Abbott. She stated, The Leader of the Opposition says that people who hold sexist views and who are misogynists are not appropriate for high office. Well I hope the Leader of the Opposition has got a piece of paper and he is writing out his resignation. Because if he wants to know what misogyny looks like in Australia, he doesn t need a motion, he needs a mirror, (Gillard). Our society is full of hypocrites. We say that stereotyping is wrong, but then turn around and do it every day, whether we realize it or not. A Time magazine article from 2014 describes Amy Chuaââ¬â¢s beliefs that being Asian makes a person superior when it comes to succeeding in America. This is paired along with the idea that the condescension has settled upon those of Hispanic origin, as well as African-Americans and even whites. While that latter statement is completely true, it can be taken even further by saying that within all of these races and origins, women are still paid less than their male counterparts across the board (USDL 4). The fight against gender stereotypes is not just for women. Men can be just as oppressed,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Gender Discrimination859 Words à |à 4 Pagesas women do. Aside from assaults of all kind and being demoted on a regular basis, women are treated unfairly and are seen dominant for stereotypical matters. Gender discrimination influences oneââ¬â¢s mind to believe that gender is a factor in oneââ¬â¢s value and the issue isnââ¬â¢t getting much better. à à à Although a majority of gender discrimination is on females, and though it may be difficult to see in certain cases, men deal with stereotyped obstacles along their way too. In the article, ââ¬Å"Man Troubles:Read More Gender Discrimination Essay819 Words à |à 4 PagesThe topic of gender discrimination is certainly a controversial one. Some of our group remembers their LIBS 7013 course, an entire course dedicated to studying Race, Class and Gender. Itââ¬â¢s interesting to look at these issues from a moral point of view, and apply different principles to the circumstances at hand. Utilitarian View When we use a utilitarian approach, it is believed that ââ¬Å"productivity is optimized when jobs are awarded based on competency.â⬠The clear conclusion from this statementRead MoreEssay about Gender Discrimination1197 Words à |à 5 Pageshand of the divorce. Fourth, men are the householders despite the fact that most households are ran by women and are biologically more connected to the children. Lastly, although many girls of today consider diverse jobs, some are hindered by their gender. Although it is said that women are treated equal to men, it is not true and more measures should be taken and more effort put into equalizing men and women. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Women have never been scientifically proven to be inferiorRead MoreEssay on Gender Discrimination at Walmart2005 Words à |à 9 Pageshas engaged in ethically questionable practices, including gender discrimination in promotion and pay. While the Supreme Court recently ruled against class certification of 1.5 million women in the Dukes v. Walmart case due to a lack of proof that Walmart operated under a ââ¬Å"general policy of discriminationâ⬠, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that gender discrimination is a persistent problem rooted in the culture of Walmart, despite gender-neutral policies (Biskupic, 2011). During the 1950ââ¬â¢s andRead MoreGender Discrimination In The Workplace Essay1239 Words à |à 5 Pagesbarrier that female employees face is gender discrimination. As an example, gender discrimination is the mistreatment of an employee because of their gender. According to the report s release by the Institute for Womenââ¬â¢s Policy Research (IWPR, 2017), on average, women that are employed full-time earn approximately 80 cents for every dollar earned by men. Additionally, the IWPR report tracks that ââ¬Å"gender and race discrimination in the workplace show discrimination in pay, hiring or promotions whichRead MoreGender Discrimination in the Workplace Essay2122 Words à |à 9 Pagessex-based discrimination (Sex-Based Charges). Most of these gender related accusations are gender discrimination. Stephanie Sipe and Donna K. Fisher, both professors at Georgia Southern University, and C. Douglas Jonson, a professor at Georgia Gwinnett University, state ââ¬Å"Gender discrimin ation occurs when employers make decisions such as selection, evaluation, promotion, or reward allocation on the basis of an individualââ¬â¢s genderâ⬠(Sipe, Johnson, and Fisher 342). Most of the time gender discriminationRead MoreEssay on Gender Discrimination in the Workplace2843 Words à |à 12 Pagespro-equal pay, including some unions, support the idea that the government should set wages for all jobs. To the contrary, the organizations that are proponents of equal pay are not for job wages being set by the government-they wish to have the discrimination taken out of pay scales from within the company. Commonly, this pay gap is attributed to the fact that women in the United States are still expected to attend to familial obligations over work. Data shows that women do attend to family obligationsRead MoreGender Discrimination in the Elizabethan Era Essay1982 Words à |à 8 PagesGender Discrimination was strongly evident in the Elizabethan Era between 1558 and 1603 with women ââ¬Ëgenerallyââ¬â¢ considered the inferior race and treated with subhuman actions based purely on their gender. Whilst is can be stated that women were treated wrongly is it fair to accuse the male men of that era with gender discrimination when it was what they were brought up to believe? Our morals and beliefs are derived from societyââ¬â¢s general perception of right and wrong and in the Elizabethan Era itRead MoreEssay about Analysis Gender Equality and Gender Discrimination913 Words à |à 4 Pageskitchen, the son recoils in disgustâ⬠¦ The parents of an 18-year-old girl describe their fear that their daughter will be an old maid because she is so terribly bright and independent. They decide that the mother will have a ââ¬Å"talk w ith herâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Changing Gender Normsâ⬠Eliman-Taggart)â⬠An analogous philosophy is introduced in the novel A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin. In the series, Arya, daughter of Lord Eddard Stark has grown up along with her brothers who trained in the art of swordplay and herRead MoreEssay on Gender Discrimination at the Work Place2526 Words à |à 11 Pagesï » ¿Gender Discrimination at the Work Place Introduction According to Gorman (2008), gender discrimination is the practice of denying or granting rights and/or privileges to an individual based on gender. This practice is acceptable and longstanding to both genders in some societies. In some religious groups, gender discrimination is considered as part of the norm, especially discrimination on women. However, in most countries that are civilized an industrialized, it is considered to be illegal uncalled Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-19969432196782071902020-05-06T11:52:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:52:39.317-07:00Enzyme Catalase Labs Free Essays Varibles that affect Enzyme Catalysis Reaction Rates Introduction Molecules are constantly moving in our bodies and in nature. When molecules move fast enough they collide into one another, allowing chemical reactions to occur. Factors such as temperature and concentrations can either help increase or decrease these reactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Catalase Labs or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Jubenville. ) Enzymes are known as catalyst because they are able to speed up reaction rates without being destroyed or altered. They are able to encourage chemical reactions by decreasing the energy of activation. The main function of enzyme catalase is to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in our bodies into oxygen and water. This can be visually seen when hydrogen peroxide is put on a wound and the peroxide bubbles. Enzymes can also be found in plant cells and fungi. (Huston. ) In this experiment we test the many variables that can change the rate of this reaction such as temperature, concentration levels of enzyme catalase and pH values. We are able to track these changes using an O2 Gas Sensor. (Enzymes. ) It is predicted that the rate of reaction will increase with temperature, pH levels and concentration. Methods Three test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water. 10 drops of enzymes suspension was then added to the Naigene chamber for each observation. Test tubes one, two and three were added to the Naigene chamber respectively. The O2 Gas Sensor was placed on top of the Naigene chamber. The Naigene chamber was swirled for 60 seconds while the O2 Gas Sensor recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. The results were recorded. To study the effects of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction, four test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water. For each test observation 5, 10, 15 and 20 drops of enzyme catalase were placed in the Naigene chamber. The four test tubes were then added respectively. The Naigene chamber was swirled for 60 seconds while the O2 Gas Sensor recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. To test the effect of temperature on reaction rate, three test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water. For each observation 10 drops of enzyme catalase was added to the Naigene chamber. Test tube one was placed in ice (temperature of 0-5 C). Test tube wo was placed in room temperature (20-25 C). Test tube three was placed in warm water (30-35 C). Each test tube was held in this environment for five minutes. The Naigene chamber was swirled for 60 seconds while the O2 Gas Sensor recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. To measure the effect of pH on catalase activity, three test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of the appropria te pH buffer. Test tube one was filled with 5 mL of pH 4. Test tube two was filled with 5 mL of pH 7. Test tube three was filled with 5 mL of pH 10. Ten drops of enzyme catalase was added to the Naigene chamber and test tube one, two and three were added respectively. The O2 Gas Sensor was placed on top of the Naigene chamber and was swirled for 60 seconds. The O2 Gas Sensor then recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. To measure the effect of different substrare concentrations on catalase reactions, three test tubes were used and labeled one, two and three. Test tube one was filled with 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 7 mL of water. Test tube two was filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water. Test tube three was filled with 7 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 3 mL of water. 10 drops of catalase suspension was placed in the Naigene bottle for each observation. Test tube one, two and three were then added to the Naigene chamber respectively. The O2 Gas Sensor was placed on top of the Naigene chamber and was swirled for 60 seconds. The O2 Gas Sensor then recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. Results Figure 1 Test Tube Number| Rate of Initial Reaction (m)| 1| 0. 085282| 2| 0. 074574| 3| 0. 09223| Figure 1: The average reaction rate of the enzyme concentration. Figure 2 Test Tube| Drops of enzyme suspension| Rate of Initial Reaction (m)| 1| 5| 0. 060459| 2| 10| 0. 071033| 3| 15| 0. 0966| 4| 20| 0. 15003| Figure 2: Changes in reaction rate due to the enzyme concentration. Figure 3 Test Tube| Temperature measured| Rate of Initial Reaction (m)| 1| 0-5 C| 0. 038694| 2| 20-25 C| 0. 084487| 3| 30-35 C| 0. 065194| Figure 3: Changes in reaction rate due to the effects of different temperatures. Figure 4 Test Tube| pH level| Rate of Initial Reaction (m)| 1| 4| 0. 013519| 2| 7| 0. 045141| 3| 10| 0. 049314| Figure 4: Changes in reaction rate due to the pH level of the solution. Figure 5 Test Tube| Amount of H2O2| Amount of H2O| Rate of Initial Reaction (m)| 1| 3| 7| 0. 027672| 2| 5| 5| 0. 09168| 3| 7| 3| 0. 1087| Figure 5: Changes in reaction rate due to different ratios of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and water (H2O) In figure 1, we can see that the figures for each test were relatively the same. This is because the amount and type of chemicals used in each test were the same. Figure two shows the initial rate of reaction increasing as the amount of enzyme suspension increases. This evidence demonstrates that the enzyme suspension allowed the reaction to occur more rapidly. Figure 3 demonstrates how temperature can play a role in rate of reaction. Our figures show that showed that rate of reaction was at a peak when in medium temperatures. Various levels of pH also played a role in rate of reaction. Figure 4 demonstrates that the higher the pH level, the faster reaction rate was. Figure 5 demonstrates that different ratios of H2O2 and H2O can alter the rate of reaction. The higher amounts of H2O2 allowed higher reaction rates then the lower concentrated amounts. Discussion Enzymes are responsible for almost all chemical reactions that take place. They are made up of proteins and are considered biocatalysts. (Jubenville. ) Biocatalysts can be described as when enzymes are used as catalysts to cause chemical reactions. (Novasep. ) Enzymes are known as catalyst because they are able to speed up reaction rates without being destroyed or altered. They are able to encourage chemical reactions by decreasing the energy of activation. (Huston. ) Enzymes attract substrates to their surface allowing chemical reactions to occur. Every enzyme haves reactive sites which allow very specific chemical reactions. The shape of the reactive site on the enzyme and the shape of the reactive site on the substrate must completely match in order for them to attract to one another. (Jubenville. ) Enzyme catalase can be found in various places of our bodies and nature. The main function of enzyme catalase is to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in our bodies into oxygen and water. This can be visually seen when hydrogen peroxide is put on a wound and the peroxide bubbles. (Huston. ) It can also be found in nature in plants and fungi. These molecules are constantly moving. When moving fast enough they collide into one another, allowing chemical reactions to occur. Factors such as temperature and concentrations can either help decrease or increase these reactions. Concentration of enzyme catalase for example, plays a huge role of how much oxygen will be broken down. Concentrations of enzyme catalase can also increase chances of a chemical reaction occurring because there are more molecules available to do the job. The higher concentration of enzyme catalase used, the more oxygen will be released during reaction. The temperatures of the environment in which these reactions take place also play a crucial role on the reaction. Heat for example, speeds up the movement of molecules allowing more of a chance for them to collide and cause a chemical reaction. (Jubenville. ) pH factors also change reaction rates. pH stands for power of hydrogen and measures the concentration on hydrogen ions in a solution. (Hyperphysics. ) The higher the concentration, the more hydrogen ions available to be broken down by enzymes. The more hydrogen or hydrogen eroxide in a solution, the more oxygen being released during the reaction. It was expected that reaction rates would increase with higher concentrations of H2O2, pH levels, temperatures and ratios. This was all proven true through our observations of our experiment. Works Cited ââ¬Å"Biocatalysis: Definition of Biocatalysis in Novasep Glossary. â⬠Biocatalysis: Definition of Biocatalysis in Novasep Glossary. Novasep, 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. lt;http://www. novasep. com/misc/glossary. asp? defId=49gt;. (Novasep. ) ââ¬Å"Enzymes. â⬠Enzymes. Tuberose, n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www. uberose. com/Enzymes. htmlgt;. (Enzymes. ) ââ¬Å"Frequently Asked Questions Aà » Learn Aà » Houston Enzymes. â⬠Frequently Asked Questions Aà » Learn Aà » Houston Enzymes. Huston Enzymes, 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. lt;http://www. houston-enzymes. com/learn/faq. phpgt;. (Huston. ) Jubenville, Robert B. , and Richard G. Thomas. General Biology Laboratory Manual. Third ed. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 2008. Print. (Jubenville. ) ââ¬Å"PH. â⬠As a Measure of Acid and Base Properties. Hyperphysics, n. d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. lt;http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/chemical/ph. htmlgt;. (Hyperphysics. ) How to cite Enzyme Catalase Labs, Papers Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-88587129611125509332020-05-01T14:41:00.001-07:002020-05-01T14:41:02.410-07:00Organizational Change Management Competitors Or Allies Question: Discuss about the Report for Organizational Change Management of Competitors or Allies. Answer: Introduction In the current business environment, organizations have realized the importance of agility and flexibility. The organizations have to operate in an era of uncertainty. Therefore, it is important that the organizations should be able to embrace the change. There are various theories and studies that leaders and managers to use and to manage the change within the organizations. In recent times, the organizations have started to use the complexity theory to manage the change within the organization. Complexity theory can be considered as an extension to the system theory. The complexity theory emerged from the systems theory in 1960s (Burnes, 2004). This theory is based on the research in the field of organizational behavior and natural sciences. This theory is focused on the uncertainty and non-lineraity that surrounds organizations. The change agents or the advocates of complexity theory believe that the change can be better managed with the use of complexity theory. The objective of this paper is to discuss how and why can change agents to understand emergent change use complexity theory. Analysis Typically, in an organizational setting, the change is top-down in nature. It means that the change is initiated from top management and the same is communicated to mid-level management and low-level employees. Gobble (2015) suggest the organizational change management would depend on organizational design and organizational design most often than not begins and ends at the organization chart illustrating the who reports to whom and so on. Designing an organization to survive and support change will take moving around the formal lines on the organization chart for an organization to become flatter and collaborative (Gobble, 2015). Lorinkova, Pearsall and Sims Jr. (2013) suggest that although empirical researchers advocate empowerment leadership over directive leadership to enhance team performances, the empirical data is not clear that it supports enhancing team performances. Gobble (2015) suggest empowered leadership will use behavior that emphasizes collaborative decision making th e focus more on the development of knowledge and experiencing positive interpersonal relationships. Complexity theory and organizations, also called complexity strategy or complex adaptive organizations, is the use of the study of complexity systems in the field of strategic management and organizational change. From the experiences, the formal lines are not to be crossed within the organizational structure. Large corporations tend to live and breathe from the formal lines of distinction but fail to take the lessons learned from the failures and often get repeated and threatens its existence. Directive leadership relies on the accomplishment of a task whereas, Lorinkova, Pearsall, and Sims Jr. (2013) suggest empowering leadership involves sharing the power and raising above the level of authority manifests itself through the specific behaviors such as the encouraging the sharing of information, promoting collaborative decision making and teamwork. Moreover, Lorinkova et al., (2013) suggest the empowerment of lower level subordinates had better change management. The change advocates or the change agents should use the complexity theory of change management because this theory enables the change agents to realize and understand the external and the environmental factors. This theory also helps the organizations to understand the weakness in their organizational structure. The complexity theory is best used with the support of different stakeholders in the organizations. The best way for a profit organization to manage conflicting needs of stakeholders is to build relationships and correct their attitude about to overall issues of the organization. The link between ones attitudes and behavior is well accepted in the fields of organizational change (Steers, 1988). An attitude is an individuals overall positive or negative evaluations of a target, based on the persons feeling or emotions about the target (Steers, 1988). It is the responsibility of the change agent to help diffuse the conflict between the organization stakeholders and better mana ge the change within the organization. Working with stakeholders should be an important factor guaranteeing the success for an organization. Conclusion With the above discussion it can be said that the complexity theory is an important theory that change agents use to manage the change within the organization. Theoretically, the complexity theory of change management is an extension of system theory (MacLean, 2005). This theory deals with the change management in an uncertain external environment. The learning from this theory is a powerful tool in the hands of change agents. It is recommended that the change agents must take the inputs from different stakeholders to implement the principles of this theory within the organization. References Burnes, B. (2004) "Emergent change and planned change competitors or allies?: The case of XYZ construction", International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 24(9): 886 902. Churchill, G.F., ( 1987 ) , Marketing Research, 4th ed. Dryden Press. Chicago. Daft, R. L. (2015). Organization theory and design (12th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Gobble, M. M. (2015). Designing for change. Research Technology Management, 58(3), 64-66. doi:10.5437/08956308X5803005 Houchin, K. and MacLean, D. (2005), Complexity Theory and Strategic Change: an Empirically Informed Critique. British Journal of Management, 16: 149166 Izawa, M. R., French, M. D., Hedge, A. (2011). Shining new light on the hawthorne illumination experiments. Human Factors 53(5) 528-547. Lorinkova, N. M., Pearsall, M. J., Sims Jr, H.,P. (2013). Examining the differential longitudinal performance of directive versus empowering leadership in teams. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 573-596. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0132 Matta, F. K., Scott, B. A., Koopan, J., Colon, D. E. (2015). Does seeing "eye to eye" affect work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior? a role theory perspective on lmx agreement. Academy of Management Journal, 58(6), 1686-1708. Steers, R.M.:1988, Introduction to Organizational Behavior, 3rd ed. 9 Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown, Glenview, Il. Senior, B. and Swailes, S. (2010) Organizational Change. 4th Ed, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Thomas, R and Hardy, C. (2011). Reframing resistance to organizational change. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(3): 322-331 Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-19698517678335158242020-03-21T23:25:00.001-07:002020-03-21T23:25:05.043-07:00Religion and Hip Hop analysis free essay sample HIP Hop Is a cultural art form whose elements Like Mincing, breakfasting, graffiti, and Digging are utilized by participating members to illustrate their life experiences and the world around them. Hip Hop artists and most songs display religious aspects like communicating to a supernatural, grappling with existential questions, and the articulation of subjectivity.One song that illustrate different religious aspects is Lord Knows by Ace Hood. Ace Hood Is viewed as an underdog lyricist who found the footlight by entering the rap game and talking about his life and trying to draw connections between his life stories and his listeners. Lord Knows Is one of a few songs from Ace Hoods album entitled Blood, Sweat, and Tears. That album title means the shedding of blood through all the sweating from hardships and releasing tears from minor setbacks or failures.Ace Hoods song Lord Knows is about Ace Hood expressing to God his hardships that God already know. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Hip Hop analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In his song, Ace talks about his hardships of the eviction letter his mother had, his mama about to lose her house ND he still put her through a lot of stress, having no food, and wondering will he be fit to be a father for his upcoming daughters. Ace Hood deliver this songs as a prayer to God to see will he answer him and guide him in the right path to freedom of these hardships.In Lord Knows, Ace Hood communicates to God by saying Dear Lord, I understand all the problem Im about to express to you, Are things you already know, Well here goes nothing. This set of lyrics is like an open letter where Ace feels it Is necessary to alarm out what he Is feeling deep down Inside. With the closing line of the intro, Ace means that God already knows what problems he encountered so he Is going to tell him regardless because he dont have nothing to lose. Additionally, Ace says My God what Im going do now?So stressed that the day go by, Devil on me and I dont know why, beg mama Just please dont cry. In this set of lyrics, Ace is communicating to God and while doing that he asked an existential question of what he going to do now cause so much negative Impulses, an example of the devil, encountered his life which left him confused and hop eless not knowing how to deal with life. Most artist Incorporate this idea of a devil as evil, hatred, envy, causation of drama, and even haters. Lastly, Ace ends the song by saying In your name I pray, Amen which is an illustration of a common phrase used by Christians to end a prayer after communicating to God asking for forgiveness or for the bettering of a family member, friend, or self. Additionally, in Lord Knows, Ace Hood articulates his subjectivity. In verse 1 Ace says, Time get a little rough I know, when I cant give up I dont, Got twin and theyre on the way, see the stars when the I wont, Sometimes I ask myself will I be a good father, Cause Ive never had mine would I give the world to my daughters.This set of lyrics expresses that Ace is expecting twin daughters and he is unsure whether or not he will be suitable to be a father because his father wasnt there but he wont stop his grind for anything. This set of lyrics evaluates Aces complex subjectivity of him going beyond social categories and stereotypical Houghton of how black men typical leave their children and never come back. He financially stable to support a family.On that note, Ace illustrates his dynamic self by saying And every day that I wake I grind no time never wait for mine. His articulates the dynamic self by knowing success wont come knocking on the door, so he is not going to be like everyone else and sit on his behind, he is going to be unique and chase after success. On that note, Ace pours his thoughts out in every song he creates in which he knows his hard work and dedication will pay off.Ace Hood creates the album Blood, Sweat, and Tears to express his motivation to grind which includes him shedding blood, sweat, and tears to accomplish something difficult with the guidance of God. Ace Hood put his all into this album to shed light to people who are engaged in a difficult life and explain to them that is it possible to overcome anything as long as they try to find solutions to their problems. In closing, Ace Hood seen a lot change during his childhood to present that he has a great amount of faith in God and for him to continue to believe in him. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-43688068782711939672020-03-05T13:51:00.001-08:002020-03-05T13:51:03.042-08:00A Womans Choice essaysA Womans Choice essays Twenty-five years after the Supreme Courts infamous Roe v. Wade decision, the majority of the American public still favors the legislation of abortion. The latest New York Times/CBS Poll shows that there have been nearly 30 million abortions preformed in the last two decades. Personally, as a young woman living in the 21st century, I strongly disagree with women using abortion as a major form of birth control. But, I do support the reproductive rights of women, to make their own decisions concerning the issue of abortion. I believe this is a very personal moral issue and that the government should not be involved in our decision-making regarding these rights. According to Carey Goldberg and Janet Elder in the New York Times article dated, January 16, 1998, In a poll that was given in 1989, when people were asked whether a pregnant woman should be able to get a legal abortion if her pregnancy would force her to interrupt her career, 37 percent said yes and 56 percent said no; In 1998, only 25 percent said yes and 70 percent said no. Also, in 1989, 48 percent thought an interrupted education was enough to justify a teenage girls abortion; that dropped to 42 percent in 1998(A 1). Based on these statistics, it appears that the majority of Americans are still in favor of abortion but with limitations. I also believe it is important for a young teenage girl to have the right to continue her education and to make her own decisions regarding an unwanted pregnancy. Whereas, a young woman with a career facing similar circumstances, hopefully, would take a more responsible approach by practicing safe sex, following through the full-term pregnanc y, or giving the child up for adoption. Taking responsibility should be an important expectation for either age group, but especially for those young adult career women who have more life experience, maturity and means of financial support. This is definitely a very diffi... Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-56188086791572177862020-02-18T05:18:00.001-08:002020-02-18T05:18:03.149-08:00Biology 206 U4IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsBiology 206 U4IP - Research Paper Example Components of Cigarettes that Affect the Respiratory System: The toxic components in tobacco include substances and gases that affect the respiratory system and lead to cancer. These include components such as benzene, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, aromatic amines, arsenic, nickel, chromium, cadmium, and radioactive elements, and gases such as acetone, ammonia, acrolein, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane, phenol, formaldehyde, and benzene. The gas phase of smoking directly affects the respiratory tract of the body. The other constituents together cause damage to the respiratory tract with loss of cylia. Hypertrophy in the mucus gland occurs. The peripheral airways, the bronchioles also suffer and cells of the bronchial tree suffer from inflammation as a result of these constituents. The cardiovascular system, the gastric system, the cataracts are other parts of the body that are affected by smoking and its constituents. COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is th e other form of disease caused by smoking affecting the functioning of the lungs (Robinson and Scullion, 2008, pp.544-546). Increased Carbon Dioxide Levels in Blood Through Smoking: The amount of carbon dioxide in the human blood is balanced by the presence of receptor sites in the blood. However, such balance is disturbed with toxic substances being intruded in the flow of blood, and the levels of carbon dioxide can change as a result of such toxins (Francis, 2011, p.85). Increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood mainly occurs when enough carbon dioxide is not exhaled out of the body. This occurs when the lungs and the respiratory system do not function properly. Thus, chronic and obstructive lung diseases that are caused by the smoking lead to increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in blood. Lung cancer causes obstruction of the lungs resulting from uncontrolled development of malignant cells, thus leading to higher levels of carbon dioxide (Cargill, 2011). Effect of Smoking on Other Organs of the Body: Smoking not only affects the lungs and the respiratory system, but it affects almost all the organs of human body, that include the heart, the blood vessels, eyes, mouth, reproductive organs, bones, bladder, and digestive systems. Blood cells in all these organs are affected by the chemicals and toxic substances present in tobacco, thereby damaging the functions of these organs. Besides the lungs, the negative effects of smoking have been mostly obtained in heart and the blood vessels, leading to severe heart diseases of humans (How Does Smoking Affect the Heart and Blood Vessels? 2011). Correlation of Cellular Respiration with Respiratory System: Physiological respiration or the respiratory system involves the process through which gases are exchanges by human beings and animals with their surroundings. This involves the process on oxygen intake in the body and exhalation of carbon dioxide from the body. The correlation of the respiratory syste m with cellular respiration is that cellular respiration involves the reactions that produce ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate), with the reactions occurring in the mitochondria. It is termed as cellular respiration as use of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide is done for these oxidative reactions (Russell, 2008, p.998). Effects of Smokeless Tobacco: Although many tobacco Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-107824069144407442020-02-03T16:57:00.001-08:002020-02-03T16:57:02.538-08:00Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsPoverty - Essay Example People living in poverty have poor access to health facilities, and, as a result, suffer from poor heath owing to the minimal care to which they are exposed. Some of the reasons as to why they have limited access to health care services are that they lack financial resources to pay for services rendered, as well as information on medical services. In addition, due to lack of medical care, ill health is prevalent among poverty-stricken areas and people. One of the main reasons that poverty stricken people cannot access, or have limited access to healthcare facilities is the geographical locale of the facilities. This is concerning the physical distance between the local area that an individual resides in, as well as the time required to travel to the health facilities. Moreover, people living in poverty do not seem to get the right type of care availed to them in health care facilities. This is concerning the time that Medicare is required, such as desperate times and conditions that require specialized equipment to treat. To add to this, the issue of acceptability crops up in the form social stratification. Medical practitioners tend to be more responsive to the needs of the socially able, while those of the poor are left to fend for their needs and receive minimal care. Furthermore, the quality of health care offered to these impoverished is of important concern, as quality of care usually depends on the monetary wellbeing of the patients. Therefore, poor patients receive poor quality services, as compared to their wealthy counterparts. In addition to this, there are far fewer medical facilities available in poor areas thus making it even more difficult for poor people to have appropriate access. Owing to the poor access to medical facilities, impoverished people are faced with a certain myriad of diseases and conditions that have already exited Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-54189368951931533582020-01-26T13:20:00.001-08:002020-01-26T13:20:07.483-08:00Case Study: Mother Dairy MilkCase Study: Mother Dairy Milk Mother Dairy Milk Case Study On Mother Dairy Abstract Mother Dairy is looking to take advantage of the opportunity which are in galore available for all milk manufactures. Mother Dairy-Delhi was set up in 1974 under the operation flood programme. it is now a subsidiary company of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). Mother Dairy sources its entire requirement of liquid milk from dairy cooperatives. Similarly, Mother dairy sources fruits and vegetables from framers/growers associations. Mother dairy also contributes to the cause of oilseeds grower cooperatives that manufacture/pack the Dhara range of edible oils by undertaking to nationally market al dhara products. Of the three As of marketing-availability, acceptability and affordability, Mother dairy is already endowed with first two. Hence no efforts are needed to make it acceptable. Its availability is not a limitation either, because if the ample scope for increasing milk production, given the prevailing low yields from dairy cattle. It leaves the third vital marketing factor affordability. How to make milk affordable for the large majority with limited purchasing power? That is essence of the challenge. Current theories of strategy and organization suggest that Mother Dairy benefit from related diversification and tight coordination of the multidivisional structure. This Project aims to probe into this issue by using theoretical framework of strategy, structure and performance. three issues will be addressed by us: a) What strategies and structure does Mother Dairy adopt in a constantly changing and turbulent developing economy? B) Do the influences of Mother Diary have interaction effects with environmental conditions? C) How does Mother Dairy make its competitor not to grasps its market in the gurgaon area? Introduction ââ¬Å"Mother Dairyâ⬠is the single largest brand of milk in Delhi, India as well as in Asia, marketing about 1.9 million litres of milk per day.Mother Dairy commands 40% market share in the organised sector in and around Delhi, primarily because of consistent quality and service what ever be the crisis-floods, transport strike, curfew etc. Mother Dairy, Patparganj, Delhi, is presently manufacturing selling around 8.5 lakh litres of tonned milk through bulk vending shops. Mother Dairy, Delhi is an IS/ISO-9001:2000 and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) and IS-14001:1996 Envoirnment Management System (EMS) Certified organisation.Mother Dairy was the first industry in country to implement ISO-14031(Envoirnment Performance Evaluation) project. The comanyââ¬â¢s Quality Assurance Laboratory is ISO/IEC-17025:1999 certified by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratory), Department of Science Technology, India.This provides assurance to the consumer in respect of Quality and Safety of products manufactured and marketed by Mother Dairy Background of Mother Dairy The main reasons for the low yield are: à · Lack of use of scientific practices in mulching. Inadequate availability of fodder in all seasons. Unavailability of veterinary health services. Indian Dairy Products The term Indian Dairy Products refers to those milk products, which originated in undivided India. Flow Chart of Conversion of Milk Into Traditional Indian Dairy Products sMilk Cultured Condensed Acid Precipitation Shrikhand Ghee Lassi Kadbi Misti Doi Rabri Kheer Kkoa Paneer Sandesh Chhana Rasgoola Pantoda Rasmalai Burfi Pedha Kalakand Gulabjamun Major Players There are virtually 15 major Dairy Cooperative Federations in India, namely: Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd (APDDCF) Bihar State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (COMPFED) Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (GCMMF) Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd. (HDDCF) Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (HPSCMPF) Karnataka Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (KMF) Kerala State Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (KCMMF) Madhya Pradesh State Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (MPCDF) Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Maryadit Dugdh Mahasangh (Mahasangh) Orissa State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (OMFED) Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (UP) (PCDF) Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (MILKFED) Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (RCDF) Tamilnadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (TCMPF) West Bengal Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd. (WBCMPF) National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is the central cooperative board of the country and was created to promote, finance and support producer-owned and controlled organizations mentioned above. Two main players ââ¬â Amul of GCMMF and Mother Dairy of NDDB ââ¬â is the leading brand in India. Our main focus is to analyze the strategic move of NDDB for mother Dairy from top to bottom. Thus we are going to concentrate on the progress of Mother Diary and NDDB for their future strategies. Historical Background of Mother Dairy MotherDairy is the single largest brand of milk in India as well as in Asia, marketing about 2.2 million litres of milk per day. Mother Dairy commands 40% market share in the organized sector in and around Delhi, primarily because of consistent quality and service ââ¬â whatever be the crisis floods, transportstrike, curfew etc. Mother Dairy, Patparganj, Delhi, is presently manufacturing selling around 8.5 lakh litres of tonned milk through bulk vending shops. Mother Dairy, Delhi is an IS/ISO 9001:2000 and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) and IS-14001:1996 Envoirnment Management System (EMS) Certified organisation. Mother Dairy was the first Dairy in the country to implement ISO-14031 (Envoirnment Performance Evaluation) project. Thecomanys Quality Assurance Laboratory is ISO/IEC- 17025:1999 certified by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratory), Department of Science Technology, India. This provides assurance to the consumer in respect of Quality and Safety of products manufactured and marketed by Mother Dairy. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) commissioned Mother Dairy in the first phase of Operation Flood in 1974. Considering the success of Dairy industry NDDB established Fruit Vegetable Project in Delhi in 1988 with SAFAL as its umbrella brand. With a view to separating the commercial activities from developmental activities, the NDDB merged Mother Dairy and the Fruit Vegetable project into a wholly owned company named Mother Dairy Fruit Vegetable Ltd (MDFVL) in April 2000. This becomes the holding company of Mother Dairy India Ltd (MDIL) ââ¬â a marketing company and Mother Dairy Foods Processing Ltd (MDFPL) ââ¬â a processing company. MDFPL is a multi unit company, with units at various locations in India. Mother Dairy, Delhi is one of the units of MDFPL. The company is a highly trusted house hold name for its wide range of milk products like Milk, Flavored Milk, Ice-Cream, Dahi, Lassi, Table Butter, Dairy Whitener, Ghee etc. The application for the award is being made for Mother Dairy, Delhi unit. Mother dairy has taken up the concept of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) wholeheartedly. The number of employees involved in KAIZENS and the no. of KAIZENS per employee are very encouraging. Mother Dairy is a member of CII-TPM Club and the KAIZENS done by Mother Dairy employees have been selected and presented in 2nd ,3rd ,4th and 5th National Kaizen Conferences held from time to time during the last three years. Our TPM efforts have resulted in increase in MTBF and decrease in MTTR, quality improvement, Cost reduction and reduction in accidents. Mother Dairy has received Best Productivity Performance award for three consecutive years starting from1987-88 to1989-90 and again from1995-96 to1997-1998 from National productivity Council and a commendation Certificate for Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award, National Energy Conservation Award 2004, Oil and Gas Conservation Award 2004, Indian Innovation Award 2004 and Safety Initiative Award 2005. Over the years, Mother Dairy has not only served the daily need of milk of the consumers of Delhi, it has also extended its milk to other States like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh Gujarat and is expanding its wings rapidly to serve the masses. Strategically located Mother Dairy booths across Delhi and NCR make it convenient for you to pick up your daily requirement of Milk, Flavored milk, Butter, Dahi, Lassi, Cheese, Chaasâ⬠¦.mouth watering Ice Creams. The focus is on key markets for each of the categories. In the curd category, they have been in Delhi for a while now and launched in Mumbai. They hold a 60 per cent market share in Delhi, but it is too soon to gauge where we stand in Mumbai. Objectives and Business Philosophy of Mother Dairy The main stakeholder of Mother Dairy was the farmer member for whose welfare it existed. Unlike other organizations, their objective is not to maximize the profit. They are more interested in giving the best price for the farmers for their milk than in making a large profit. Thus they look at the price given to their suppliers as not a cost but as an objective. Mother Dairy had, as its main objective, ââ¬Å"carrying out activities for the economic development of agriculturists by fficiently organizing marketing of milk and dairy produce, agricultural produce in raw and/or processed form and other allied produceâ⬠. This was to be done through: Common branding Centralized marketing Centralized quality control Centralized purchases and Pooling of milk efficiently Mother Dairy had declared, as its business philosophy, the following: ensure that milk producers and farmers regularly and continually receive market prices by offering quality milk, milk products and other food products to consumers at competitive prices and; uphold institutional structures that empower milk producers and farmers through processes that are equitable. The biggest strength of Mother Dairy was the trust it had created in the minds of its consumers regarding the quality of its products. NDDB, and its brand Mother Dairy, stood for guaranteed purity of whatever products it had produced. Adulteration was simply not done in any of its products. In India, where such trust was hard to come by, this could provide a central anchor for Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s future business plans. For more than 40 years Mother Dairy helping to create a national network has been adapted and extended to other commodities and areas. Their constant effort to learn and to enrich experience is central to their approach and capacities. In times to come, Mother Dairy shall strive to become a leading player in the food industry in India. Strategies Implemented 1. Focused Approach Mother Dairy wants to get into bigger markets and have bigger shares in those markets. The cooperative is also expanding its product portfolio further to match rival offerings ââ¬â particularly those of Amul. For the first 22 years of its existence, liquid milk was the only dairy product that Mother Dairy offered. It was in 1996 that it came up with ice-creams. But the real spurt came about four years ago, when it introduced curd, flavoured milk, lassi and mishti doi. It introduced butter a year-and- half ago; ghee and UTH milk a year ago; and cheese, about 10 months ago. And under its frozen foods and vegetables brand Safal, besides the introduction of corn and mixed vegetables, it has come out with frozen potato-based snacks in a few months. So while the product portfolio has been growing, Mother Dairy has plans for reach out to newer markets but the strategy here is more product-specific. In liquid milk, it will initially concentrate only on four markets Delhi, its home ground; the Junagarh region and Ahmedabad in Gujarat; Mumbai, which it entered a few years ago; and Hyderabad, where it moved in a little more than a couple of years ago. They have no plans to go everywhere with liquid milk. Whats the need to get into those markets that already have strong co-operative brands? Their objective of getting into newer locations is not to make Mother Dairy larger, but to ensure that there is a large viable distribution network and consumer brand to take care of surplus milk. In Mumbai, where the liquid milk market is close to 40 to 42 lakh (4 to 4.2 million) litres a day, only about 20-22 lakh (2-2.2 million) litres a day is in the organised market and that too is highly fragmented with a number of smaller players with shares of about 10,000-20,000 litres a day. Mother Dairy claims a share of 170,000 litres a day, with the biggest player, Mahananda, selling about 800,000 litres a day and Aarey and Amul about 250,000-300,000 litres a day each. In Hyderabad, Mother Dairy claims it has a 15 per cent market share of the approximate 9-10 lakh (900,000 to 1 million) litres a day of the organised market. These are still early days in the two markets, but we are looking at 10-12 per cent growth in the overall fresh milk segment. 2. Wider Spread However, as far as other dairy products are concerned, Mother Dairy plans to expand across the board. Other than milk, for most state federations, dairy products are still a small part of their operations. So they are taking their products to regions across India, where they see enough market potential. In ice creams, it was only a bit more than two years ago that Mother Dairy entered its first market outside Delhi UP and Punjab. Today, its extended its operation to Haryana, Jaipur, Mumbai and Kolkata as well. Next year, it plans to go south to Hyderabad and Bangalore. In the case of butter and cheese, its present across north India, Mumbai and Kolkata, and has plans to enter Bangalore by year-end. In UTH milk, it has entered Mumbai and the milk-short areas of West Bengal and north-east. For ghee, although the current focus is the northern region, it has plans for a nationwide presence. As far as Mother Dairys non-dairy products are concerned, edible-oil brand Dhara has already has nationwide presence. 3. Product Differentiation While Mother Dairy still may not have a product portfolio as large as Amul, which is also expanding across the country in a big way and is a much bigger player, its doing its bit. Mother Dairy says the idea is not just to enter new markets, but to do well in those markets which mean bigger market shares in the different product categories in whichever market it is present. The drivers will be value created through quality of the offerings as well as innovations in products. This will, of course, be backed by relevant marketing and promotion campaigns.Mother Dairy are bringing in mass Indian flavours which are building up in terms of absolute percentage of contribution. Their attempt is to make the taste experience in ice creams as familiar as possible so as to increase consumption. Take the case of curd. It started off very slow but today, Mother Dairy claims its growing at close to 60 per cent year-on-year in Delhi. Here again, the Indian flavour formula seems to have worked. While curd from an MNC player is probably based on international formulation, they formulated it to taste as close to home-made curd as possible. If the offering fits well with the Indian consumer, the resistance is lower and acceptance more. 4. Smart Marketing On the marketing front, Mother Dairy says its trying to take its product campaigns and communications to a higher platform. For instance, in the case of milk, the campaigns do not talk about the obvious benefits milk is good for health, it has calcium and so on but rather it targets children and are created around ideas such as The country needs you, grow faster. As far as products such as butter, cheese and ice creams go, the campaigns have been created around taste. For butter again, the focus is on children. Here, Mother Dairy has dared to go different. Since 60 per cent butter is consumed by kids, the company wants them to sit up and take notice of its butter. Makkhan Singh, a sturdy jovial cow (a cartoon character) has been made its brand ambassador. While Mother Dairy has been carrying out school programmes games and activities ââ¬â involving Makkhan Singh in Delhi, it has plans to take such activities to Mumbai and Kolkata as well. It also runs a gaming website on the character to attract children. Its cheese for children again. A couple of months ago, Mother Dairy carried out a retail activity: Cheese khao superhero ban jao, where kids buying cheese at a retail outlet were invited for a photo op dressed as superheros through Polaroid cameras; and the framed photograph was presented to them. The activity was carried out in about 150 outlets in Delhi and Mumbai, with about 20,000-25,000 snaps being taken. Cheese was also something that helped the company bond better with its retailers. In November 2005, retailers in Delhi displayed banners proclaiming, Cheese ke saath bees ki cheez, a proposal that said if a consumer buys Mother Dairy cheese, the retailer can offer him anything worth Rs 20 from the shop which worked better than offering something free with the product, which the consumer didnt even needs. The exercise resulted in better ties with retailers. A positive response made Mother Dairy to repeat it in Kolkata as well. Clearly, Mother Dairy has aggressive plans. But, strong regional brands and other co-operatives will continue to give it tough competition. Perspective Strategies applied by Mother Dairy Mother Dairy maps the future of dairying in India, setting realistic goals for Strengthening Cooperative Business, Production Enhancement, Assuring Quality and Creating an Information and Development Research. The plan was realised with the successful completion of the Operation Flood Programme and has been developed by the State Milk Marketing Federations and the Milk Producers Cooperative Unions in consultation with the Dairy Board. The goals and strategies to meet them have been drawn by its actual implementers Federation and Unions and supported by NDDB. 1. Strategy for Strengthening Cooperative Business: Recruit, train and motivate increasing numbers of women to work for Mother Dairy to achieve significant improvements in dairy husbandry, as they primarily shoulder animal. husbandry related responsibilities in rural India. Consolidation and growth in milk and milk product marketing, promoting better equity for regional cooperative brands and developing qualified and skilled manpower. Education of producer members, opinion leaders and trained professionals to be expanded and strengthened. Empower local leaders, strengthen societies and equip their staff and members with the skills and information they need. Persuade the State and Central Governments to remove the shackles on cooperative laws so dairy can compete on equal terms with other forms of enterprise. 2. Strategy for Production Enhancement: Improve the production potential of indigenous breeds of cattle such as Sahiwal, Gir, Rathi and Kankrej and breeds of buffalo such as Murrah, Mehsana and Jaffarbadi through appropriate selection programme. Cross non-descript cattle with Holestein Friesian in areas with adequate feed and fodder and with Jersey in resource-poor areas. Increase the production and use of high quality feed appropriate to local conditions. Increase production and availability of green and ensiled fodder. Encourage unions, NGOs and cooperatives to put common property area under improved pasture and fodder tree. Expand first-aid coverage through village level societies Increase vaccination of animals against HS, BQ and FMD Develop Mastitis and Brucellosis control strategies 3. Strategy for Assuring Quality: Identify and address quality related problems at every stage from the producer at the village cooperative, to the dairy plant and the process of final delivery to the consumer. Facilitate improvement of hygiene, sanitation, food safety and operating efficiency in the dairy plants and sensitize dairy personnel to product quality aspects as per international standards. 4. Strategy for Creating an Information and Development Research Link large cooperatives, Unions, Federations and NDDB in a national network that collects, adds value and disseminates information Ensure availability of analytical information for Policy Planning and Decision Support Mother Dairy has different plans for its dairy business, which includes flavoured milk, lassi, curd, butter and cheese besides its toned milks. Each of these products has a regional stronghold, with a shelf life of 10 days. However, the company is looking at alternatives that would increase the shelf life and allow the products to be distributed in other parts of the country as well. In the ice cream segment, the company has been able to capture 15 per cent of the market, and hopes to increase it to 20 per cent by 2008. On MDILs marketing strategies while the company does a lot of innovative advertising and on field activities, it spends 3-4 per cent of the turnover on marketing. All categories were experiencing a growth of 30-40 per cent per annum, and that the turnover was growing at 15-17 per cent every year. Mother Dairy had clocked a turnover of Rs 1,800 crore in 2005-06 and was looking at clocking Rs 2,200 crore in 2006-07. Diversification Moves by Mother Diary After becoming a pan-India player recently, dairy chain Mother Dairy, a subsidiary of the National Diary Development Board, is now eyeing a turnover of one billion dollar in the next two years. Following expansion of their business in other cities and with the launch of new products, they are expecting to cross one billion dollar turnover by the end of FY 2009. The dairy chains topline has been growing at a rate of 22-25 per cent per annum and is expecting a turnover of Rs 2,700 crore this fiscal. Mother Dairy will be the second dairy chain in the country after Amul to cross the one billion turnover milestone, if it achieves the target. For over three decades, Mother Dairy restricted its presence mainly in the National Capital Region in the fresh milk and other milk products segment. This year it went for a market expansion across the country. They have a plan to capture all the top six markets in the milk and milk products segment in the country. It has recently entered the fresh milk market in Hyderabad and simultaneously made foray into curd, ice-cream and lassi segments in Mumbai market. Mother Dairy markets dairy products such as fresh liquid milk, ice-creams, and other milk products. It also markets Dhara range of edible oils and the Safal range of fresh fruits and vegetables and fruit juices. Mother Dairy are present by and large in most of the big categories; now it is more about foraying into niches and value-added versions in the same categories. For instance, they have been in the curd and ââ¬Ëlassiââ¬â¢ categories for around five-six years, but they have now forayed into probiotic curd and ââ¬Ëlassiââ¬â¢. Advertisement and Promotion by Mother Dairy On the marketing front, Mother Dairy says its trying to take its product campaigns and communications to a higher platform. For instance, in the case of milk, the campaigns do not talk about the obvious benefits milk is good for health, it has calcium and so on but rather it targets children and are created around ideas such as The country needs you, grow faster. As far as products such as butter, cheese and ice creams go, the campaigns have been created around taste. For butter again, the focus is on children. Amul butter may be selling the most, but the advertising and promotions are almost always targeted at adults, points out an analyst citing Amuls popular Utterly-Butterly campaigns. Here, Mother Dairy has dared to go different. Since 60 per cent butter is consumed by kids, the company wants them to sit up and take notice of its butter. Makkhan Singh, a sturdy jovial cow (a cartoon character) has been made its brand ambassador. While Mother Dairy has been carrying out school programmes games and activities ââ¬â involving Makkhan Singh in Delhi, it has plans to take such activities to Mumbai and Kolkata as well. It also runs a gaming website on the character to attract children. Equity and empathy are being built for the brand, the values for which it stands, and the various other Mother Dairy products, which draw their core values from Mother Dairy milk. Its cheese for children again. A couple of months ago, Mother Dairy carried out a retail activity: Cheese khao superhero ban jao, where kids buying cheese at a retail outlet were invited for a photo op dressed as superheros through Polaroid cameras; and the framed photograph was presented to them. The activity was carried out in about 150 outlets in Delhi and Mumbai, with about 20,000-25,000 snaps being taken. It claims that the exercise resulted in better ties with retailers. A positive response made Mother Dairy to repeat it in Kolkota as well. Clearly, Mother Dairy has aggressive plans. But, strong regional brands and other co-operatives will continue to give it tough competition. It will not be a cakewalk anymore. Mother Dairy and Its Programme for Management of Change Mother Dairy looked at all its operations, strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities available, and came to the conclusion that it had to become more customer centred (rather than merely being farmer or supplier centred). This required paying close attention to the customer needs and quality. Mother Dairy realized that it was not enough that Mother Dairy itself was wedded to these ideas; the entire supply chain had to conform. Hence it launched a ââ¬Å"Total Quality Managementâ⬠or TQM to ensure the high quality of the products from the starting point (the village farmer who supplied milk) right through the value chain until it reached the consumer. This meant the need for the involvement of farmers, transporters, factory personnel, wholesalers and retailers, each of whom had a role to play. What began as a TQM movement radually became a movement for management of change in the entire value chain. Mother Dairyââ¬â¢s Management of Change (MOC) initiative was launched in six areas: cleanliness of the dairy co-operative societies, planning and budgeting of the dairy cooperative society, artificial insemination service, quality testing and milk measurement by the dairy co-operatives, animal feeding and management practices and self leadership development. Analysis and the Result of The Case The strategy implied by Mother Dairy was that it wanted to increase its market share by providing the best quality to its consumers and building trust with the customers in the long run unlike other organization, there objective is not to maximize profit. Their strategy involves paying the best price to the farmers then making a large profit. Thus there objective is to give the best price to there suppliers. Few common strategies adopted by them is as follows: Common branding Focused approach Product differentiation Smart Marketing Product enhancement and assured quality etc Recently to increase its market share it has introduced several new products positioned against its competitors like amul. Some of the items are ice-cream, lassi, curd, mishti doi etc. The modus operandi includes providing the best quality and taste which is almost a substitute to the home made products. So the mother dairy is trying to get more familiar taste and come closer to the consumers directly. In case of the marketing of the mother dairy products as in the case example of marketing of cheese, in which they have targeted a age group. They are much targeted to a particular age group especially kids and a younger people who are in the growing age. End Notes Mother dairy plans to increase its market share with the introduction of new products and enhancing its market outside delhi to other places. Mother dairy has launched its ice-creams ,curd ,probiotic curd, sweet curd etc. to increase the market share. The advertisement strategies used by Mother dairy is also unique and better than its competitors. A specific age group is targeted and effort is made to sustain that age group of customers. Also profit is the least important motive of it but customer satisfaction is the main roots of their growth. . Bibliography 1. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/31/07hdline.htm 2. http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/04spec1.htm 3. www.nddb.org 4. www.motherdairy.com 5. http://www.fnbnews.com/article/ articled=19121 6.http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20strategy2/National%20Dairy%20Development%20Board-Dairy%20Cooperative%20Movement.htm 7. Empowerment Case Studies: National Dairy Development Board 8. www.indiadairy.com 9. Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian Dairy Industry ââ¬â Dr. K. G. Karmakar and Dr. G. D. Banerjee Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-56628621417918730142020-01-18T09:44:00.001-08:002020-01-18T09:44:04.225-08:00Social structureIntroduction: Culture harmonizes people behavior and at the same time creates barriers between different groups. Donnan and Wilson (1999) have argued that borders of cultures and identities make up the least studied and understood phenomena of international borders and admit that borders are always descriptions since they are illogical constructions based on cultural convention. Similarly, most of the organizations meet the diverse consequences of culture in our modern globalizing world; the cooperation of individuals, groups, and organizations is a vital issue for any social entity and largely depends on their cultural background.Individualism is an attitude that emphasizes the importance of individual over the group identity and collectivism is the opposite tendency that emphasizes the importance of ââ¬Å"weâ⬠identity over ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠identity (Hofstede, 1980). Individualism VS collectivism Just as Western businesses have intensified their efforts to learn from Asian org anizations, so too has there been a rise in research on cross-cultural differences between the two regions. Asian and Western cultures have been distinguished along a variety of characteristics (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994; Triandis, 1994).However, it is the dimension of individualism and collectivism that has received the most attention by psychologists specializing in cross-cultural research. Cultural values of individualism and collectivism differ in their relative emphasis on independence vs. interdependence with oneââ¬â¢s group (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). In individualistic cultures, people are viewed as independent and possessing a unique pattern of traits that distinguish them from other people (Markus & Kitayama, 1994).In contrast to such independence and uniqueness, people in collectivistic cultures view the self as inherently interdependent with the group to which they belong. Therefore, whereas people in individualistic cultures often give global and abstract descriptions of themselves (e. g. , I am optimistic), people in collectivistic cultures might ask how they could possibly describe themselves in the absence of information about a particular situation (Bachnik, 1994).To someone from a collectivistic culture, a relatively abstract description of the person can appear artificial because it implies that he or she is the same regardless of context (Cousins, 1989). One of the most important consequences of these divergent views of the self is the degree of conformity that is observed in social settings. A meta-analysis of studies using Aschââ¬â¢s (1956) line judgment task suggested that Asians demonstrated a stronger tendency to conform than Americans (Bond & Smith, 1996). In fact, the very concept of conformity may have different connotations in different cultures.While conformity is often viewed negatively in an individualistic culture, uniqueness can be viewed as a form of deviance and conformity associated with harmony in a more collectivistic cu lture (Kim & Markus, 1999). Because the personââ¬â¢s identity is closely linked to his/her social group in collectivistic cultures, the primary goal of the person is not to maintain independence from others, but to promote the interests of the group (Davidson, Jaccard, Triandis, Morales, & Diaz-Guerrero, 1976). In contrast, most people in individualistic cultures assume that their identity is a direct consequence of their unique traits.Because the norms of individualistic cultures stress being ââ¬Å"trueâ⬠to oneââ¬â¢s self and oneââ¬â¢s unique set of needs and desires (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, & Nisbett, 1998), the person may be encouraged to resist social pressure if it contradicts his/her own values and preferences. Thus, people in individualistic cultures can be expected to be consistent in their views and maintain them in the face of opposition, while people in collectivistic cultures might consider the failure to yield to others as rude and inconsiderate.In coll ectivistic cultures, self-esteem is not derived from characteristic behavior or from calling attention to oneââ¬â¢s own unique abilities. There is greater emphasis on meeting a shared standard so as to maintain harmony in oneââ¬â¢s relationship to the group (Wink, 1997). People in collectivistic cultures are therefore not motivated to stand out from their group by competitive acts of achievement or even making positive statements about themselves (Kitayama, Markus, & Lieberman, 1995). Instead, there is a tendency toward self improvement motivated by concern for the well being of the larger social group.Whereas members of individualistic cultures strive for special recognition by achieving beyond the norms of the group, collectivists are more motivated to understand the norms for achievement in the particular context so as to meet that standard (Azuma, 1994). Therefore, one might expect groups defined by collectivistic norms to be high in collaboration and achievement of collec tive goals, whereas groups with individualistic norms may have greater variability in performance among its individual members. High context to low context cultures: In today's business relations, it's a small world after all.As more companies turn towards global markets, professionals are finding themselves in foreign locales, wheeling and dealing like never before. However, the key to effective communication between countries is an understanding of each other's culture, especially a working knowledge of how each society conveys meaning. First used by author Edward Hall, the expressions ââ¬Å"high contextâ⬠and ââ¬Å"low contextâ⬠are labels denoting inherent cultural differences between societies. High-context and Low-context communication refers to how much speakers rely on things other than words to convey meaning.Hall states that in communication, individuals face many more sensory cues than they are able to fully process. In each culture, members have been supplied with specific ââ¬Å"filtersâ⬠that allow them to focus only on what society has deemed important. In general, cultures that favour low-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them. It is important to remember that every individual uses both high-context and low-context communication; it is not simply a matter of choosing one over the other.Often, the types of relationships we have with others and our circumstances will state the extent to which we rely more on literal or implied meanings. Novelist Amy Tan describes the differences in cultural communication this way: ââ¬Å"An American business executive may say, ââ¬ËLet's make a deal,' and the Chinese manager may reply, ââ¬ËIs your son interested in learning about your widget business? ââ¬Ë Each to his or her own purpose, each with his or her own linguistic path. â⬠When individuals from high-context and low-context cultures collaborate, ther e are often difficulties that occur during the exchange of information.These problems can be separated into differences concerning ââ¬Å"directionâ⬠, ââ¬Å"quantityâ⬠and ââ¬Å"quality. â⬠For example, employees from high-context cultures like China and France share very specific and extensive information with their ââ¬Å"in-group membersâ⬠(good friends, families, close co-workers, etc). In comparison, low-context cultures like the United States and Germany prefer to limit communication to smaller, more select groups of people, sharing only that information which is necessary. High-Context CommunicationHall states ââ¬Å"Most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person. â⬠? Knowledge is situational, relational ? Less is verbally explicit or written or formally expressed ? More internalized understandings of what is communicated (ex: ââ¬Å"in-jokesâ⬠) ? Often used in long term, well-established relationshipsà Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face communication, ? often around a central, authoritative figure ? Strong awareness of who is accepted/belongs vs. ââ¬Å"outsidersâ⬠Associationà Relationships depend on trust, build up slowly, and are stable. ? How things get done depends on relationships with people and attention to group process. ? One's identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work). Interaction ? High use of nonverbal elements; voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and ? Eye movement carry significant parts of conversation. ? Verbal message is indirect; one talks around the point and embellishes it. ? Communication is seen as an art form-a way of engaging someone. ? Disagreement is personalized.One is sensitive to conflict expressed in another's nonverbal communication. Conflict either must be solved before work can progress or must be avoided. Learning ? Multiple sources of information are used. Thinking is deductive, proceeds from ge neral to specific. ? Learning occurs by first observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing. ? Groups are preferred for learning and problem solving. ? Accuracy is valued. How well something is learned is important. High context cultures are more common in the eastern nations than in western, and in countries with low racial diversity.Cultures where the group is valued over the individual promote group reliance. High context cultures have a strong sense of tradition and history, and change little over time, such as tribal and native societies. For instance, the French assume that the listener knows everything. Therefore, they may think that Americans think they are stupid because Americans will habitually explain everything to their counterparts. Former president Jimmy Carter understood the importance of high-context communication with his colleagues from Israel and Egypt during the peace talks at Camp David.When Prime Minister Begin was about to leave the unsati sfactory negotiations, Carter presented him with pictures of the three heads of state, with the names of each of Begins grandchildren written on the photographs. The prime minister repeated the names of his grandchildren out loud as he looked at the pictures, reflecting on the importance of the peace negotiations to his grandchildren's futures. Carter recognized that a high-context reference to future generations would induce the prime minister to return to the negotiations. Low Context CommunicationHall states ââ¬Å"The mass of information is vested in the explicit code (message). â⬠? Rule oriented ? More knowledge is public, external, and accessible. ? Shorter duration of communications ? Knowledge is transferable ? Task-centred. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done and the division of responsibilities. Association ? Relationships begin and end quickly. Many people can be inside one's circle; circle's boundary is not clear. ? Things get done by follow ing procedures and paying attention to the goal. ? One's identity is rooted in oneself and one's accomplishments.Social structure is decentralized; responsibility goes further down (is not concentrated at the top). Interaction ? Message is carried more by words than by nonverbal means. ? Verbal message is direct; one spells things out exactly. ? Communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas, and opinions. ? Disagreement is depersonalized. One withdraws from conflict with another and gets on with the task. Focus is on rational solutions, not personal ones. Learning ? One source of information is used to develop knowledge. ? Thinking is inductive, proceeds from specific to general.Focus is on detail. ? Learning occurs by following explicit directions and explanations of others. ? An individual orientation is preferred for learning and problem solving. ? Speed is valued. How efficiently something is learned is important. An individual from a high context culture has t o adapt, and/or be accommodated when shifting to a low context culture. High context cultures expect small close-knit groups, where professional and personal life is interrelated. Therefore, a high context individual is more likely to ask questions than attempt to work out a solution independently.References Brockner, J. (2003). Unpacking country effects: On the need to operationalize the psychological determinants of cross-national differences. Research in organizational behavior, (P 333ââ¬â367). Flynn, F, & Chatman, J. (2001). Strong cultures and innovation: Oxymoron or opportunity? In S. Cartwright (Ed. ), International handbook of organizational culture and climate. Wink, P. (1997). Beyond ethnic differences: Contextualizing the influence of ethnicity on individualism and collectivism. Journal of Social Issues, (P 329ââ¬â349). Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-74642286022856665582020-01-10T06:07:00.001-08:002020-01-10T06:07:04.719-08:00Multiple Sclerosis Case StudyJamaal Jones III is a healthy, fit athlete who was been drafted to the New York Giants 2 weeks ago. After attending numerous practices and training sessions, Jamaal has earned a starting position as a wide receiver. He is 6ââ¬â¢2 and 200lbs of pure muscle ready to run over any opposing cornerback. Jamaal Jones is pumped up; His first game is against the Philadelphia Eagles. All his fans are waiting for him, the weather is great (65 degrees), and his family is watching him at the front bench. Everything was going as planned until something happened. He strode out onto the field to the cheers coming from the stands when he lost his balance, tripped and fell. He felt his eyes roll back to the back of his head darkness slowly encroaching upon his consciousness. He felt nothing, just a numbing sensation as he convulsed, thrashed about and groped for the closest support. The stadium stood hushed as the scene unfolded in front of them, a pair of stretchers was brought out onto the field to carry Jamaal to the nearest hospital. The emergency room worked with fervor trying to rule out as many conditions as possible, performing a lumbar puncture and an MRI on his brain. From these test the doctors had confirmed what they had initially believed Jamaal had shown symptoms of. As the doctors entered the room Jamaal was lost in his own world dreaming of his grandfather, Jamaal Jones Sr. and how they would play football together as a child. Jamaal awakes from his stupor by the sudden intrusion in his room; he can see the grief and weariness on his parentââ¬â¢s faces. He looks on as the doctor beckons his parents to exit the room. The doctor tells his parents ââ¬Å"Your son has multiple sclerosis. MS is a disease that affects the brain and spinal cord resulting in loss of muscle control, vision, balance, and sensation. â⬠The parents asked, ââ¬Å"Is there a cure for MS? â⬠The doctor tells them ââ¬Å"No, we can only treat the symptoms which provides short term relief. Any long term ââ¬Å"cureâ⬠for this disease has not been found. Jamaalââ¬â¢s mother asked the doctor how Jamaal could have acquired such a disease but the doctor could not provide and answer. With great sorrow in his voice the doctor tells Jamaalââ¬â¢s parents ââ¬Å"Unfortunately, this disease is permanent and we cannot do anything to cure him. I am sorry. â⬠Having been diagnosed with MS, Jamaal became a great advocate for MS awareness, organizing events through his former team, the New York Giants, to promote his cause. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-36322287509474135542020-01-02T02:31:00.001-08:002020-01-02T02:31:04.622-08:00Skinny Love - 1130 Words Skinny Love (Lyrics) Come on skinny love just last the yearPour a little salt we were never hereMy, my, my, my, my, my, my, myStaring at the sink of blood and crushed veneerI tell my love to wreck it allCut out all the ropes and let me fallMy, my, my, my, my, my, my, myRight in the moment this order s tallAnd I told you to be patientAnd told you to be fineAnd I told you to be balancedAnd I told you to be kindIn the morning I ll be with youBut it will be a different kindI ll be holding all the ticketsAnd you ll be owning all the finesCome on skinny love what happened hereSuckle on the hope in lite brassiereMy, my, my, my, my, my, my, mySullen load is full; so slow on the splitAnd I told you to be patientAnd I told you to be fineAndâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦She knows maybe she should let him go, but loves him so much that the fear of leaving will only speed up his slow suicide. So she lives in pain and terror, worrying about him every second and begging him to hold on and be well. I believe that by â â¬Å"skinnyâ⬠he means that he has done so much damage to the relationship, that there is next to nothing left, as far as ever having a trusting partnership with the correct kind of love. She has taken on more of a parenting role or a caretaker and his love for her is more of a selfish one; as if she were one of his drugs that he has to have. Since the drugs have numbed him to being fully aware of how much he has hurt her, he won t know until he s better how much he put her through. But she is there and says she will continute to be to clean up all the messes if he will recover. I m sure in recovery he learned that he needed to let her go. The passionate love was so skinny that it could probably never be recovered. She loved him unselfishly and he loved her very selfishly. I have been in a relationship with my girlfriend for three years and when she listens to this song and its lyrics, it gets her thinking. She thinks she is the girl in the lyrics because in her mind I was real ly bad by not paying enough attention to her, but I know thatââ¬â¢s just an excuse. In any relationship, people sometimes feel they are not good enough. Also, in any relationship, it is sometimes easy to give to much, or take too much. That is the natureShow MoreRelatedThe Song By Justin Vernon969 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the first stanza, the artist, Justin Vernon, wishes for a thinned out and broken love to heal. Vernon asserts that he is deeply hurt in regard to his partner not being who she pretended to be. The pouring of salt mentioned in the second line is parallel with this theme because many people revere salt for its healing and preservative properties. Ultimately, Vernon believes this metaphorical salt can fix and preserve his relationship as if nothing had ever gone wrong. A veneer ââ¬Å"covers somethingââ¬â¢sRead MoreDiversity : Race, Class, And Gender967 Words à |à 4 Pageslot of money and nothing is ever said about the man except that he must really love h er. But if we flip it the other way around and a woman mad the statement that a man could never be to rich or too thin, then we have a whole new ball game. Woman would be ridiculed for making such a statement. People would say she is only dating him for his money, she is nothing but a gold digger, she does not love him she only loves the things he can buy her, or the places he can take her, she is just looking forRead MoreSongs We Must Ban From High School Couples1553 Words à |à 7 Pagesactions/relationships, and awkwardness I couldââ¬â¢ve avoided by not putting these songs on CD are worth a shot. 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According to Chelsea Roff, studiesRead MoreThe First Time I Met Jessica Essay888 Words à |à 4 PagesThe first time I met Jessica wasn t the first time I met her. She sat behind a desk that was too short to fit her bruised from soccer, cut kneed, skinny ankled, growing legs under. At eleven years old, she knew more curse words than anyone else in our class, and she d carve them into her desk sometimes. She said she d blame it on the kid who sat there during the next hour if she was ever confronted, and she never was. She was the only girl who sat with the boys at lunch, the classroom dividedRead MoreA Visit At The Museum Of Fine Arts1210 Words à |à 5 Pages(Museum Label) The Cupid sculpture fits into the ââ¬Å"An image of divine power, a god or goddess or other religious figureâ⬠category because Cupid is a Roman God. Cupid is the god of desire, affection and erotic love, and is known to be a slender man with a bow and arrow that shoots people to fall in love. This sculpture dates as far back as the Imperial period, 190 A.D. and is made out of stone and bronze. I chose this sculpture because I am very into greek mythology and all of the books I have ever readRead MoreA High School Program Should Not Be Avoided At All Costs1534 Words à |à 7 Pagesactions/relationships, and awkwardness I couldââ¬â¢ve avoided by not putting these songs on CD are worth a shot. High school couples: Iââ¬â¢m not trying to stop your love or your individuality; Iââ¬â¢m just trying to do you a favor: First Day of My Life by Bright Eyes - Look, I understand if this is the deepest love song your ears have heard. Conor Oberst, like, gets that true love is like seeing with a brand new pair of eyes, but also being accepting of, yââ¬â¢know, peopleââ¬â¢s past problems and flaws. And, like, ever since youRead MoreEssay - The false moon809 Words à |à 4 Pagesstability and love from their parents while growing up. If this is not the case the child will go out and find ââ¬Å"safe placesâ⬠elsewhere. The main character in the short story ââ¬Å"The False Moonâ⬠, by Shirley Golden from 2011 is not met with stability and love. He is almost forced out on his own trying to fit into society. The main character is the first person narrator in the story. His name is Matt and describes himself in a rather bad way; ââ¬Å"People donââ¬â¢t run from me; Iââ¬â¢m lanky and skinny Iââ¬â¢m toldâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Read MoreThe Love Of Our Lives1177 Words à |à 5 Pages Everyone thinks they are in love when they are in high school. We believe we have found the love of our lives even if it just our first boyfriend or girlfriend. I am a victim to this. I fell in love my freshman year. A wild, random love that shouldn t have even started. A hallway craziness, my friend s like to call it. This love story, if you can even call it that, is how I decided that never again, will I fall in love with a pyscho. Walking with my friend, Katy, to French class seemedRead MoreAnalysis Of Yukio Mishima s Confessions Of A Mask929 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat he is a homosexual. Kochan tries desperately to be normal and convince himself that he does in fact like women. However, that is to no avail, as he soon becomes infatuated with a fellow student named Omi. In this essay I will discuss how Kochanââ¬â¢s love for Omi, ends up being only lust. Omi was a student several years older than Kochan, as he had been left back a couple of times. Thus, it was apparent that Omi, was much more developed and mature, ââ¬Å"He surpassed us all in physique, and in Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-1193923255223888542019-12-24T22:16:00.001-08:002019-12-24T22:16:03.202-08:00Research Techniques For The Creative Media - 1744 Words Research Techniques for the Creative Media Industries Qualitative and Quantitative: There are two types of research: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is exploratory research ââ¬â such as looking at and analysing peopleââ¬â¢s behaviours, values and opinions or aspirations. Types of qualitative research that are available are customer feedback, videos or interviews and open answer questions. Qualitative research is more in detail than quantitative would be as qualitative explores what people think about a certain subject and how other peopleââ¬â¢s opinions change and differ from one another.There are several pros and cons of qualitative research ââ¬â and advantage of qualitative research is that you are able to explore topics in more depth and more detail, often less expensive, do not need to recruit as many participants or use extensive methods so you are able to get more research without spending a lot of your budget which is highly recommended and it also fills in the gaps left by quantitative research and data. Cons of qualitative d ata also vary like one major disadvantage of qualitative research is that it cannot quantify how many of your audience answer one way or another. Another disadvantage is that this makes it extremely difficult to create any type of solid statistic, qualitative data is also quite time consuming due to the extensive questions and exploratory research. Qualitative data also has unstructured information, this makes it hard to interpret as wellShow MoreRelatedUnit 3 Research Techniques For The Creative Media Industry3269 Words à |à 14 PagesUnit 3 Research Techniques for the Creative Media Industries Assignment 1 When working in the creative media industry you will need to do a lot of research and will come across the terms, primary, secondary, quantitative, qualitative, market, audience and product research a lot. The reason for this is because they are the different types of research you will need to use when gathering information that you need. Primary research is any type of research that you collect yourself. There are manyRead MoreResearch Paper: Content Analysis of Nine Creative Concepts Found in Magazine Advertisements.1392 Words à |à 6 Pages1 MAIN ISSUE This research is a quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive content analysis of selected advertisements from two different magazines published in August 2012 using the nine different creative concepts as main emphasis. 2 RESEARCH CRITERIA The main research problem deals with the use of creative concepts in advertisements which is a mass media issue and therefore contributes to the existing knowledge in communication studies. The issue is also of interestRead MoreResearch Paper: Content Analysis of Nine Creative Concepts Found in Magazine Advertisements.1386 Words à |à 6 Pages1 MAIN ISSUE This research is a quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive content analysis of selected advertisements from two different magazines published in August 2012 using the nine different creative concepts as main emphasis. 2 RESEARCH CRITERIA The main research problem deals with the use of creative concepts in advertisements which is a mass media issue and therefore contributes to the existing knowledge in communication studies. The issue is also of interest toRead MoreChanging Face of Indian Advertisements1456 Words à |à 6 Pagesconsumer connects with promotional techniques used by advertising industry in India. The advertising industry in India is changing at a very fast pace. 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Questionnaires are frequentlyRead MoreTraditional Ideas Of The Screen1348 Words à |à 6 PagesTraditional ideas of ââ¬Ëthe screenââ¬â¢ have been challenged by recent developments in media technology in various different ways. The screen can be referred to in multiple ways such as a cinema screen and a computer screen. In ââ¬ËThe World Viewed: Reflections on the Ontology of Film (1971), Stanley Cavell believes, ââ¬Å"A screen is a barrierâ⬠¦It screens me from the world it holds - that is, makes me invisible. And it screens that world from me - that is, screens its existence from me.â⬠After reading what CavellRead Moresales development and Merchandising Essay1212 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿Task A Research report describing the elements of the product in a business and services context After selecting a hotel of your choice, carry out an individual research into the element of the product of this hotel, and produce a written report of your findings which should include: a) A discussion about the key components of the product and how the product mix contributes to sales and profit (ref. 1.1, 1.2) b) An assessment on how market segmentation contribute to maximise sales (ref. 1.3) Read MoreMCKI Assignment1508 Words à |à 7 Pagesfront sheet Qualification Unit number and title Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Creative Media Production Unit 16: MANAGING COMMUNICATIONS KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION Student name Assessor name FESTUS EDOBOR Date issued Completion date Submitted on 05/11/2014 Assignment title Assignment: MANAGING COMMUNICATIONS KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully acknowledged. Student signature: Date: GRADE DESCRIPTORSRead MoreSop Essay Examples824 Words à |à 4 PagesTwenty years commercial experience within the creative industries has taught me that the process of creative interaction is often collaborative and has allowed me to develop tactful communication skills, building relationships between colleagues, clients and suppliers. Consequently, my training in photography and graphic design combined with media and communications consultancy experience continues to influence my independent photographic and educational practice. My professional interest in editorialRead MoreInternet Marketing1291 Words à |à 6 PagesAssignment Brief LEARNING OUTCOMES On successful completion of this unit a learner will: 1 Understand marketing through the internet 2 Be able to use the internet for promotion using digital marketing communications 3 Be able to produce market research to support customer relationship management 4 Be able to design an internet marketing plan. |Learning outcomes: |Assessment criteria for pass: The learner can: |Evaluation checklist | |On successful Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-63694134277604623552019-12-16T18:46:00.001-08:002019-12-16T18:46:03.266-08:00Things You Wont Like About History Essay Topics and Things You Will Things You Won't Like About History Essay Topics and Things You Will You receive a preview of your essay and ask to produce corrections if necessary. If you don't learn how to begin your essay or in which to search for supporting info, we'll be thrilled to help you you. If you would like to compose the essay yourself, we believe it would be best to decide on a universal subject or issue. Although writing a history essay can look like a daunting prospect especially if it's the case that you don't feel you're a very good writer, it isn't as bad since most folks would want to imagine. You spend a whole lot of education on writing argumentative essays. In situations when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. You can quite readily become a very good writer when you have the right subjects to work with. If you opt to be an independent essay writer, you can expect the exact same. If you're assigned an essay on something from earlier times and you're permitted to pick your own title, below are some history topics you may want to think of before you commence writing. Thus, our writers are almost always prepared to cooperate together with you throughout the essay writing face. For example, if you ask us to compose a paper on one of many American history essay topics, you can be sure your writing will be consistent with the language style you request. Thus, writing a history paper will surely be fun, if you only opt for a really intriguing history essay topic. Choosing History Essay Topics Select something you're interested in. Write a list of ideas you've got or a list of things you're interested in. The absolute most important thing to keep in mind is you have to select the topic most interesting to you! Keep in mind the big choices you might have remodeled the earlier twelve a very long moment. History Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Almost everything c an be an issue of History when focused in some specific ways. Advertisement If you would like to experience history, consider staying in historic Kitchener hotels. The conclusion of slavery isn't marked with one specific date, but using a very long procedure and chain of events. History is a subject that's always tightly linked to the idea of time and space. You thought that war may be coming. Among the difficulties with history generally is that folks consider it dull and boring. Maybe you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's the reason you can't locate the idea for your history essay. Narrowing down a specific era Once you've got a notion of the nation you want to write about, you will then have to select a specific era in that nation's history. There's plenty if useful information regarding the Web. A variety of reasons lead youth from throughout the world to our site. 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The subject for discussion ought to be manageable, i.e. you ought to be in a position to explore the subject in the most detailed way based on the quantity of pages you need to write. What History Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not Perhaps you still must understand more about the way to compose a history paper. It is an impossible task to write a great history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about whatsoever. A superb history paper is inside your reach, hire one of our writers to receive it! Writing a research paper about such a considerable moment in the American history can be quite advantageous there's already plenty of research on the matter. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-10716605617386434912019-12-08T15:29:00.001-08:002019-12-08T15:29:03.814-08:00Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Sample free essay sample 1. BACKGROUND/SCENARIO 1. 1 INTRODUCTION ON STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Human Resource Management refers to the policies. patterns and systems that influence employeesââ¬â¢ behaviour. attitudes and public presentation ( Noe. Hollenbeck. Gerhart A ; Wright. 2012 ) . Peoples are considered as the most valuable resources of a house or organisation. In order for a house to win and last in the market. the house needs the right forces. at right topographic point and clip. The new coevalss of workers are seen as the 1s with lesser trueness to their companies and have more outlooks for liberty. self-development and greater engagement in company determination devising. The importance of human capital had been accelerated by the increasing accent on knowledge-based fight in the current disruptive environment. Careful direction of the workers who has been considered as valuable resource calls for a strategic focal point on human resource direction ( HRM ) in the house. In todayââ¬â¢s competitory market. we hear and see that many organisations are prosecuting into strategic planning to last and thrive. Besides that in human resource and direction circles. we can hear a batch about Strategic Human Resource Management. But what precisely is Strategic Human Resource Management ( SHRM ) . what are its cardinal characteristics and what is the difference between Strategic Human Resource Management and traditional human resource direction? Strategic Human Resource Management can be thought of as ââ¬Å"the form of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organisation to accomplish its goalsâ⬠( Noe. Hollenbeck. Gerhart A ; Wright. 2012 ) . In other words. SHRM can besides be said as the linking of human resources with strategic ends and aims which improves concern public presentation and develop organisational civilization that surrogate invention. flexibleness and competitory advantage. Through SHRM. an organisation accepts and involves the human resource maps in the preparation and execution of the organizationââ¬â¢s schemes through human resource activities such as recruiting. choosing. preparation and rewarding. 1. 2 INTRODUCTION ON THE RESEARCH 1. 2. 1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH This research was done to look into the relationship between strategic human resource direction patterns and organisational public presentation. which so looks at the deductions of the findings for both directors and practicians. The research was done in Singapore and it links to HRM patterns and organisational public presentation in Singapore. 1. 2. 2 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH The premier aim of this survey was to find the relationship between strategic HRM and steadfast public presentation. Besides that. the survey was besides used to see how each strategic HRM variables and package of the strategic HRM variables together affect firmââ¬â¢s public presentation. 1. 2. 3 HYPOTHESES The following specific hypotheses were tested:1. Extensive preparation is positively related to steadfast public presentation ( fiscal and HR ) 2. Selective staffing is positively related to steadfast public presentation. 3. Authorization is positively related to steadfast public presentation. 4. Performance assessment is positively related to steadfast public presentation. 5. Broad occupation design is positively related to steadfast public presentation. 6. Performance-based wage is positively related to steadfast public presentation. 7. A package of strategic HRM variables are positively related to steadfast public presentation. 2. EMPIRICAL PAST STUDIES ON SHRM The outgrowth of surveies related to strategic HRM was seen since two decennaries ago. In the 1990ââ¬â¢s. the researches were attracted to the construct of bundling of human resource patterns and had conducted legion surveies on it. Ferris. Russ. Albanese and Martocchio had conducted a survey on 2. 236 houses from the United States building industry to analyze on how effectual direction of human resources can lend to positive organisational public presentation. In their survey. they have identified the functions played by three of import organisational maps and activities on house public presentation. First is the position and importance of HRM map. where they found that houses with HRM sections are by and large high performing artists. The 2nd 1 is the function of brotherhoods whereby houses that had higher per centum of their work force unionized performs better than those with lower per centum. Finally is the strategic planning where houses performed better when they were engaged in formalistic strategic planning. Cutuher-Gershenfeld had classified labor-management dealingss into traditional. adversarial and transformational dealingss where he concluded that transformational labour dealingss are associated with higher degree of organisational public presentation. This was based on his analysis across workgroups in the primary fabrication installation for Xerox Corporation. Arthur conducted a questionnaire on human resource directors from the United States steel mini-mills and found out that Millss with ââ¬Å"commitmentâ⬠systems had higher productiveness. lower bit rates and lower employee turnover. It was found by Macduffie that advanced HR patterns affect public presentation non separately but as a group. This means that a group of HR patterns is needed to see a higher public presentation in a house. Huselid discovered that high public presentation work patterns were associated with lower employee turnover. greater productiveness and higher corporate fiscal public presentation. This determination can be related to what Arthur had discovered earlier with the ââ¬Å"commitmentâ⬠system. Subsequently. Delaney and Huselid found positive association between HRM patterns such as preparation and staffing selectivity. and perceptual house public presentation steps. Then Huselid. Jackson and Schuler found out that big houses in United States are more adept in their proficient HRM capablenesss than in their strategic HRM capablenesss. Generally. all this surveies had revealed a positive relationship between HRM patterns and steadfast public presentation. 3. Measurements 3. 1 STRATEGIC HRM VARIABLES In this research. six different variables were used to mensurate a firmââ¬â¢s strategic HRM system. These six variables were assessed utilizing different standards.The first variable is extended preparation which were assessed utilizing six-item Likert-type graduated table. The six-item graduated table was used alternatively of five-item graduated table in order to acquire a more accurate consequence. Some of the points under preparation were sum of money spent on preparation. chances for preparation and consistently structured preparation procedures. The 2nd variable is selective staffing which was assessed utilizing five points adapted from Snell and Dean. These points captured facets of staffing patterns such as high choice standards and sum of money spend on choice. Following were the authorization. public presentation assessment. wide occupation design and eventually performance-based wage. The graduated table measurings for these variables were adapted from Bae and Lawler. Empowerment was measured utilizing 11 points. One of the points was allowing adequate discretion in making work. Performance assessment was measured utilizing five points. wide occupation design was measured utilizing four points and performance-based wage was measured utilizing five points. 3. 2 Organizational PERFORMANCE VARIABLES The questionnaire was prepared based on eight points from Khandwalla. The eight points were segregated into two graduated tables which was the fiscal public presentation and HR public presentation. Long tally degree of profitableness. growing rate of gross revenues or grosss and fiscal strength were classified under fiscal public presentation. whereby employee occupation satisfaction. employee committedness or trueness. public image and good will. merchandise ( or service ) quality and employee productiveness were classified under HR public presentation. The five control variables that were used was steadfast size which was measured as the amount of full clip and portion clip workers. brotherhood position. industry. ownership type and state of beginning for foreign houses. 3. 3 THE Sample The survey was done utilizing a mail study attack. The mark group for this study was individual in charge of human resource section and a entire 0f 2160 companies were targeted as the initial respondents. Each house that was included in the study had at least 50 full clip employees. These companies are either private limited or public limited with at least two full old ages of operation. The questionnaire was pretested by first administering it to five human resource executives from Singapore-based companies. The issues assessed during the pilot trial were face cogency. instructions and statement lucidity. questionnaire layout and length. Based on the respondentsââ¬â¢ remarks. some betterments were made to the questionnaire. 4. Result 4. 1 METHOD OF ANALYSIS A factor analysis was conducted before the information was analyzed. Basically. the factor analysis is done to prove the cogency and dependability of the variables. In this instance. the intent was to cut down the figure of statements stand foring the six HRM variables into a more manageable set. Through the factor analysis. the category ââ¬Å"broad-job designâ⬠was discarded and replaced with team-based work. The earlier one was removed because all the variables that supposed to mensurate the factor did non lade together. Then the information was analyzed utilizing two theoretical accounts of hierarchal arrested development. In the first theoretical account. the control variables were used as independent variables against steadfast public presentation. In the 2nd theoretical account. assorted strategic HRM factors identified in the explorative factor analysis phase were added to the theoretical account. 4. 2 SURVEY RESPONDENTS The study respondents were from a sum of 191 companies. The companies were from six different industries dwelling of fabrication. building. commercialism. conveyance and communicating. fiscal and concern services and other services. Majority of the respondents were from the fabrication industry followed by other services and so commercialism. The companies are either local houses. Japan. United States. Europe or other Asia based states. Among these assorted ownerships. bulk of the respondents were from local houses. followed by Japan and United States based companies. 4. 3 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE Fiscal public presentation here refers to the grades to which the fiscal aims being or has been accomplished. The preparation. selective staffing. authorization and public presentation assessment have a positive impact on the fiscal public presentation. These variables affect the fiscal public presentation separately and besides as a package. Performance assessment has the highest positive impact on fiscal public presentation followed by authorization. choice and preparation. The team-based work and performance-based wage is non positively related to fiscal public presentation of a house. Performance assessment is a formal system of reappraisal and rating of single or teamsââ¬â¢ undertaking public presentation. Performance assessment will actuate employees to keep or better their public presentation. They will be given to work more expeditiously. Since employees are considered as valuable resource in a house. their betterment will automatically convey more net income to the house. This is one illustration on how public presentation assessment can give positive impact on fiscal public presentation. Authorization on the other manus gives opportunities to employees to utilize personal enterprise and to take part in broad scope of issues. including issues affecting fiscal affairs in the house. Therefore. this can take to a better fiscal public presentation. 4. 4 HR PERFORMANCE All the six variables have a positive impact on the firmââ¬â¢s HR public presentation. Authorization has the highest positive impact followed by preparation and choice. Empowerment gives the employees a motive to prosecute in job resolution and determination devising. With this they have self efficaciousness to execute the occupation. They would be able to place a job quicker and work out it in a better manner. Besides that. authorization besides leads to multitasking. The employees would be able to make broad scope of occupation and non excessively focused on one occupation. This will finally take to occupations being done faster and efficaciously. Training on the other manus. will assist to heighten and better the competence and accomplishment of an employee. This competence and accomplishment will so take to better organisation public presentation. 5. CONCLUSIONS This research indicates that the strategic HRM variables have positive consequence on organisational result particularly firmââ¬â¢s HR Performance. The variables that were tested in this research straight influences employeesââ¬â¢ productiveness. occupation satisfaction and committedness. This standard so leads to a better organisational public presentation. We can besides see from this research that certain variables affect the facet of the public presentation more than the other. This shows that each variable has its ain influence towards a firmââ¬â¢s public presentation. For illustration. HR public presentation was affected more by authorization instead than public presentation assessment. This is different in the instance of fiscal public presentation where public presentation assessment had the highest positive impact on fiscal public presentation. From this. we can state that effectual execution of strategic HRM variables will ensue in better organisation public presen tation. First. a house should make a thorough survey on their firmââ¬â¢s mission and aims. Then they should make up ones mind on which of these strategic HRM variables should be focused and implemented to accomplish the firmââ¬â¢s ends. In this research. a figure of restrictions were identified. One of it is that this research consists of a comparatively little sample size. There were merely 191 companies who participated in this survey. out of 2160 companies which were targeted. Besides that. this research has narrowed down its mark group of companies by merely looking into six types of industries. There is besides an imbalanced dislocation of companies where foreign based company was dominated by Japan companies. The 2nd restriction of this research is that there were no any probes on how a firmââ¬â¢s organisational values affect the HRM scheme. Each house differs in the sense of organisational value that they pattern. Therefore. these values might impact the organisational public presentation of a house. Another drawback of this research is that it merely focused on human resource executives to pretest the questionnaires. This could hold lead to common-source prejudice 6. RECCOMENDATIONS It is recommended to utilize more representative samples in the hereafter surveies. This means that the survey should look into a broader scope of industries and ownership instead than concentrating merely on certain industry types and ownership. With that. a more balanced dislocation of companies will be. This will give a more accurate consequence. Besides that. the pilot trial should non merely consist of those from human resource but besides from other occupations like directors and fiscal executives. to minimise the common beginning prejudice. Besides that. any future survey should besides utilize multiple channels of informations aggregation. In this research. merely one channel was used which was a mail study attack. There are many other channels that can be used such as giving the questionnaire face to face or holding an interview. Then we can compare the informations collected by each channel. This will give more informations to be analyzed. In future survey. the possibility of HRM system as go-between variable between HRM values and organisational public presentation should be investigated. This means that the nucleus values practiced by a house should besides be taken into consideration and should be linked to the variables of strategic HRM. This would demo how the value affects the organisational public presentation. Mentions 1. Arthur. J. B. ( 1994 ) . Effectss of human resource systems on fabrication public presentation and turnover. Academy of Management Journal. 37. 670-687. 2. Bae. J. . A ; Lawler. J. J. ( 2000 ) . Organizational and HRM schemes in Korea: Impact on house public presentation in an emerging economic system. Academy of Management Journal. 43. 502-517. 3. Business Times. Singapore. July 23. 1999. 4. Cutcher-Gershenfeld. J. ( 1991 ) . The impact on economic public presentation of a transmutation in workplace dealingss. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 44. 241-260. 5. Delaney. J. T. . A ; Huselid. M. A. ( 1996 ) . The impact of human resource direction patterns on perceptual experiences of organisational public presentation. Academy of Management Journal. 39. 949-968. 6. Ferris. G. R. . Russ. G. S. . Albanese. R. . A ; Martocchio. J. J. ( 1990 ) . Personnel/human resources direction. unionisation. and scheme determiners of organisational public presentation. Human Resource Planning. 13. 215-227. 7. Huselid. M. A. ( 1995 ) . The impact of human resource direction patterns on turnover. productiveness. and corporate fiscal public presentation. Academy of Management Journal. 38. 635-670. 8. Huselid. M. A. . Jackson. S. E. . A ; Schuler. R. S. ( 1997 ) . Technical and strategic human resource direction effectivity as determiners of house public presentation. Academy of Mana gement Journal. 40. 171-188 9. Khandwalla. P. ( 1977 ) . The design of organisations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 10. Macduffie. J. P. ( 1995 ) . Human resource packages and fabricating public presentation: Organizational logic and flexible production systems in the universe car industry. Industrial A ; Labor Relations Review. 48. 197-221. 11. Noe. R. A. . Hollenbeck. J. R. . Gerhart. B. . A ; Wright. P. M. ( 2012 ) . Human Resource Management: Deriving a Competitive Advantage. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc. 12. Snell. S. A. . A ; Dean. J. W. . Jr. ( 1992 ) . Integrated fabrication and human resource direction: A human capital position. Academy of Management Journal. 35. 467-504. 13. Tichy. N. M. . Fombrun. C. J. . A ; Devanna. M. A. ( 1982 ) . Strategic human resource direction. Sloan Management Review. 23. 47-61. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-7625736798113405142019-12-01T03:11:00.001-08:002019-12-01T03:11:05.030-08:00Kiss Of The Spider Woman Essays - High School Musical, Fences Kiss Of The Spider Woman In the play Fences, which was written by August Wilson, Bono, Gabe, and Alberta are all very important people in Troy's life. Bono is Troy's best friend, and through him the reader learns that Troy is a very strong character. Through Gabe, people can see some of the guilt Troy has inside. Alberta helped Troy escape from his problems, and have a few laughs every once in awhile. Each one of these characters tells the reader something different about Troy. Throughout the years, Bono has always been there for Troy. They have been friends for about eighteen years. Bono never hesitated to tell Troy anything, especially his opinion on Alberta. ?I know what Rose means to you, Troy I'm just trying to say I don't want to see you mess up.? (p.63) Bono's words show the reader how much he cares about Troy. Bono was always straightforward with Troy. He even said, ?That's right. I know you. I know you got some Uncle Ramus in your blood. You got more stories than the devil got sinners.? (p.13) Much of Troy is shown in Bono because he has been with him through the good times and the bad. Another character who has helped reveal complexities about Troy is Gabe, Troy's brother. Gabe has a metal plate in his head; caused by his time in War World II. The government in return gave Gabe monthly checks. The only way Troy was able to pay for his house was through the governments' money. ?That's the only way I got a roof over my head?Cause of that metal plate.? (p.28) When Gabe moved in with Miss Pearl, Troy started to feel guilty. He was feeling culpability because not only was Gabe's money paying for Troy's house, but now he was paying money to Miss Pearl that could have been Troy's. When Gabe said, ?Got me two rooms. In the basement. Got my own door key too.? (p.25) Troy felt very guilty. He could have used that money for his own family. Also, almost weekly Troy had to pay $50 to get Gabe out of jail. Neighbors complained that he was disturbing the peace. Gabe added to Troy's character tremendously. Alberta is another character that helps reveal some of the complexities of Troy. Alberta is the woman with whom Troy had an affair. She helped Troy escape from his everyday life problems. When asked about Alberta, Troy had replied, ?She gives me a different understanding about myself. I can step out of this house and get away from the pressures and problems?be a different man.? (p.69) When he is with Alberta he feels that he does not have anything to worry about. This is shown when Troy says, ?I ain't got to wonder how I'm gonna pay the bills or get the roof fixed. I can just be a part of myself I ain't never been.? (p.69) Alberta also helped Troy realize the value of responsibility. When Alberta passed away, Troy was the only one who originally had to take care of Raynell, until Rose said she would. Alberta was very important in this play. Throughout this play, many of Troy's complexities are shown through other characters. Through Gabe, Bono, and Alberta, Troy shows all of his complexities as a man. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-41976668249813682632019-11-26T11:49:00.001-08:002019-11-26T11:49:04.773-08:00Breaking Muphrys LawBreaking Muphrys Law Breaking Muphryââ¬â¢s Law Breaking Muphryââ¬â¢s Law By Mark Nichol A recent newspaper blog post about a typographical error on Mitt Romneyââ¬â¢s iPhone ââ¬Å"With Mittâ⬠app it refers to ââ¬Å"A Better Amerciaâ⬠inevitably succumbed to Muphryââ¬â¢s law, which states that any criticism of a writing or editing error will itself contain such an error. After commenting on the mistake, the blogger referred to the microblogging site Tumblr, writing, ââ¬Å"And thereââ¬â¢s already a Tumblr [page] for this with people goofing on the slip-upâ⬠¦.or what that be a Tumbeler?â⬠That final phrase (which also reveals that the blogger obviously didnââ¬â¢t read my post about ellipses), should read, ââ¬Å"or would that be a Tumbeler?â⬠(If you want to ruin a joke that features a deliberate typographical error, thereââ¬â¢s nothing better than immediately preceding it with an accidental typo.) The adage the bloggerââ¬â¢s boo-boo upholds is also known, with variations, as McKeanââ¬â¢s law, after lexicographer Erin McKean; Skittââ¬â¢s law, named for an alt.usage.english contributor; and Hartmanââ¬â¢s Law of Prescriptivist Retaliation, the grandiloquent nomenclature of technical writer and fiction writer and editor Jed Hartman. A blogger with the handle Zeno called it the Iron Law of Nitpicking, a better label, perhaps, as it does not credit a particular person, but Muphryââ¬â¢s law (which only indirectly refers to a specific source) is of course the most appropriate moniker. An Australian editor named John Bangsund explicated the law as follows in 1992: (a) If you write anything criticizing editing or proofreading, there will be a fault of some kind in what you have written; (b) If an author thanks you in a book for your editing or proofreading, there will be mistakes in the book; (c) The stronger the sentiment expressed in (a) and (b), the greater the fault; (d) Any book devoted to editing or style will be internally inconsistent. The oldest known statement along these lines, however, is one from early twentieth-century writer Ambrose Bierce (best known for his caustically misanthropic Devilââ¬â¢s Dictionary), who in 1909 wrote in a writing handbook, ââ¬Å"Writers all, both great and small, are habitual sinners against the light; and their accuser is cheerfully aware that his own work will supply (as in making this book it has supplied) many ââ¬Ëawful examples.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ The moral of the story one I disregard by writing this post, which according to Muphryââ¬â¢s law should be rewarded by divine retribution in the form of commenters pointing out some error Iââ¬â¢ve introduced is, ââ¬Å"Writers in glass houses shouldnââ¬â¢t throw stones.â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-42856824622571627592019-11-22T19:12:00.001-08:002019-11-22T19:12:04.336-08:00The History of How Dogs Were DomesticatedThe History of How Dogs Were Domesticated The history of dog domestication is that of an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans. That partnership was likely originally based on a human need for help with herding and hunting, for an early alarm system, and for a source of food in addition to the companionship many of us today know and love. In return, dogs received companionship, protection, shelter, and a reliable food source. But when this partnership first occurred is still under some debate. Dog history has been studied recently using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which suggests that wolves and dogs split into different species around 100,000 years ago. Although mtDNA analysis has shed some light on the domestication event(s) which may have occurred between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago, researchers are not agreed on the results. Some analyses suggest that the original domestication location of dog domestication was in East Asia; others that the middle east was the original location of domestication; and still others that later domestication took place in Europe. What the genetic data has shown to date is that the history of dogs is as intricate as that of the people they lived alongside, lending support to the long depth of the partnership, but complicating origin theories. Two Domestications In 2016, a research team led by bioarchaeologist Greger Larson (Frantz et al. cited below) published mtDNA evidence for two places of origin for domestic dogs: one in Eastern Eurasia and one in Western Eurasia. According to that analysis, ancient Asian dogs originated from a domestication event from Asian wolves at least 12,500 years ago; while European Paleolithic dogs originated from an independent domestication event from European wolves at least 15,000 years ago. Then, says the report, at sometime before the Neolithic period (at least 6,400 years ago), Asian dogs were transported by humans to Europe where they displaced European Paleolithic dogs. That would explain why earlier DNA studies reported that all modern dogs were descended from one domestication event, and also the existence of evidence of two domestication event from two different far-flung locations. There were two populations of dogs in the Paleolithic, goes the hypothesis, but one of them- the European Paleolithic dog- is now extinct. A lot of questions remain: there are no ancient American dogs included in most of the data, and Frantz et al. suggest that the two progenitor species were descended from the same initial wolf population and both are now extinct. However, other scholars (Botiguà © and colleagues, cited below) have investigated and found evidence to support migration event(s) across the central Asia steppe region, but not for a complete replacement. They were unable to rule out Europe as the original domestication location. The Data: Early Domesticated Dogs The earliest confirmed domestic dog anywhere so far is from a burial site in Germany called Bonn-Oberkassel, which has joint human and dog interments dated to 14,000 years ago. The earliest confirmed domesticated dog in China was found in the early Neolithic (7000ââ¬â5800 BCE) Jiahu site in Henan Province. Evidence for co-existence of dogs and humans, but not necessarily domestication, comes from Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe. These hold evidence for dog interaction with humans and includeà Goyet Caveà in Belgium,à Chauvetà cave in France, andà Predmosti in the Czech Republic. European Mesolithic sites like Skateholm (5250ââ¬â3700 BC) in Sweden have dog burials, proving the value of the furry beasts to hunter-gatherer settlements. Danger Cave in Utah is currently the earliest case of dog burial in the Americas, at about 11,000 years ago, likely a descendant of Asian dogs. Continued interbreeding with wolves, a characteristic found throughout the life history of dogs everywhere, has apparently resulted in the hybrid black wolf found in the Americas. Black fur coloration is a dog characteristic, not originally found in wolves. Dogs as Persons Some studies of dog burials dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Kitoi period in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia suggests that in some cases, dogs were awarded person-hood and treated equally to fellow humans. A dog burial at the Shamanaka site was a male, middle-aged dog which had suffered injuries to its spine, injuries from which it recovered. The burial, radiocarbon dated to ~6,200 years ago (cal BP), was interred in a formal cemetery, and in a similar manner to the humans within that cemetery. The dog may well have lived as a family member. A wolf burial at the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery (~7,300 cal BP) was also an older adult male. The wolfs diet (from stable isotope analysis) was made up of deer, not grain, and although its teeth were worn, there is no direct evidence that this wolf was part of the community. Nevertheless, it too was buried in a formal cemetery. These burials are exceptions, but not that rare: there are others, but there is also is evidence that fisher-hunters in Baikal consumed dogs and wolves, as their burned and fragmented bones appear in refuse pits. Archaeologist Robert Losey and associates, who conducted this study, suggest that these are indications that Kitoi hunter-gatherers considered that at least these individual dogs were persons. Modern Breeds and Ancient Origins Evidence for the appearance of breed variation is found in several European Upper Paleolithic sites. Medium-sized dogs (with wither heights between 45ââ¬â60 cm) have been identified in Natufian sites in the Near East dated to ~15,500-11,000 cal BP). Medium to large dogs (wither heights above 60 cm) have been identified in Germany (Kniegrotte), Russia (Eliseevichi I), and Ukraine (Mezin), ~17,000-13,000 cal BP). Small dogs (wither heights under 45 cm) have been identified in Germany (Oberkassel, Teufelsbrucke, and Oelknitz), Switzerland (Hauterive-Champreveyres), France (Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz, Pont dAmbon) and Spain (Erralia) between ~15,000-12,300 cal BP. See the investigations by archaeologist Maud Pionnier-Capitan and associates for more information. A recent study of pieces of DNA called SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) which have been identified as markers for modern dog breeds and published in 2012 (Larson et al) comes to some surprising conclusions: that despite the clear evidence for marked size differentiation in very early dogs (e.g., small, medium and large dogs found at Svaerdborg), this has nothing to do with current dog breeds. The oldest modern dog breeds are no more than 500 years old, and most date only from ~150 years ago. Theories of Modern Breed Origination Scholars now agree that most of the dog breeds we see today are recent developments. However, the astounding variation in dogs is a relic of their ancient and varied domestication processes. Breeds vary in size from the one pound (.5 kilogram) teacup poodles to giant mastiffs weighing over 200 lbs (90 kg). In addition, breeds have different limb, body, and skull proportions, and they also vary in abilities, with some breeds developed with special skills such as herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guiding. That may be because domestication occurred while humans were all hunter-gatherers at the time, leading extensively migrant lifeways. Dogs spread with them, and thus so for a while dog and human populations developed in geographic isolation for a time. Eventually, however, human population growth and trade networks meant people reconnected, and that, say scholars, led to the genetic admixture in the dog population. When dog breeds began to be actively developed about 500 years ago, they were created out of a fairly homogenous gene pool, from dogs with mixed genetic heritages which had been developed in widely disparate locations. Since the creation of kennel clubs, breeding has been selective: but even that was disrupted by World Wars I and II, when breeding populations all over the world were decimated or went extinct. Dog breeders have since reestablished such breeds using a handful of individuals or combining similar breeds. Sources Botiguà © LR, Song S, Scheu A, Gopalan S, Pendleton AL, Oetjens M, Taravella AM, Seregà ©ly T, Zeeb-Lanz A, Arbogast R-M et al. 2017. Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic. Nature Communications 8:16082.Frantz LAF, Mullin VE, Pionnier-Capitan M, Lebrasseur O, Ollivier M, Perri A, Linderholm A, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Dimopoulos EA et al. 2016. Genomic and archaeological evidence suggests a dual origin of domestic dogs. Science 352(6293):1228ââ¬â1231.Freedman AH, Lohmueller KE, and Wayne RK. 2016. Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 47(1):73ââ¬â96.Geiger M, Evin A, Snchez-Villagra MR, Gascho D, Mainini C, and Zollikofer CPE. 2017. Neomorphosis and heterochrony of skull shape in dog domestication. Scientific Reports 7(1):13443.Perri A. 2016. A wolf in dogs clothing: Initial dog domestication and Pleistocene wolf variation. Journal of Archaeolog ical Science 68(Supplement C):1ââ¬â4. Wang G-D, Zhai W, Yang H-C, Wang L, Zhong L, Liu Y-H, Fan R-X, Yin T-T, Zhu C-L, Poyarkov AD et al. 2015. Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world. Cell Research 26:21. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-88144343240102667972019-11-21T02:10:00.001-08:002019-11-21T02:10:02.880-08:00Managing Product-Harm Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsManaging Product-Harm Crisis - Essay Example What are substandard or defective products? These are products that are harmful and dangerous to consumers, therefore organizations recall such products. Recalled products are the contributors of product-harm crisis. According to Vassilikopoulou et al. (2009), product-harm crisis occurs as a result of having defective products that are harmful to consumers in the market. Though organizations seek for better and improved products, departments in charge of inspections in an organization may still miss to identify the defects of such products because of negligence. While the expectation is that running an organization comes with several ups and downs, having a product-harm crisis tops the list because of its detrimental effects of an organization. Organizations need to maintain their productsââ¬â¢ based on the required safety levels. Consumers lose faith in a company if they find the product it offers is harmful. A harmful product is not only dangerous to consumers but also hurtful to the ecosystem. For example, milk spiked with melamine is not only harmful to human beings, but to animals such as cats and dogs. Therefore, organizations need to examine the factors that contribute to product-harm crisis because it affects it directly affects a companyââ¬â¢s success. Yannopoulu et al. (2011) claimed that product-harm crises are crises because they directly control the media and the consumers. For example, the media spreads the news to the consumers in way that may influence them negatively. In addition, after watching the advertisements or news, consumers pay more attention to the name of the organization selling defective products or the defective product. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-44231894651243708102019-11-19T10:40:00.001-08:002019-11-19T10:40:04.036-08:00Construction Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsConstruction Project Management - Essay Example literatures related to this research topic are: Google Search Engine, Emrald Library Database, Proquest Library Database, Glion Library Database, and EBSCO Library Database among others. The keywords and/or keyword phrases used in this search include: Culture and project management, Factors affecting project management, Organization culture and project management, politics and construction, construction projects jointly undertaken, and multinational construction projects. After the search engine displayed result, only relevant materials were selected since not all the materials from the search results were helpful. For example, only materials that integrated culture with project management were selected, and more emphasis was given to those materials relating culture with construction projects. It is important to note that Google search engine was used mainly to search for construction projects being undertaken or those that have been completed, and are being affected by culture or w ere affected by culture (including organization culture). The other search engines (in this case Library databases) were used to search for the connection between construction project management and culture. These were related to the identified construction projects in order to identify the how organization culture normally affect project management. Literature Review Justification of use of non-peer reviewed sources Before proceeding to the literature review it is important to mention that some sources used in this section are not peer reviewed. This due to the fact finding six projects jointly undertaken by two nations in peer reviewed articles is a great challenge. The non-peer reviewed sources used in this section of the paper are mainly web sources. Politics affects everything in all... This paper stresses that other than the typical constrains of managing construction projects such as time, cost and scope, there exist a number of factors that may inhibit successful completion of construction projects however how well a construction Manager may be. The problem may become worse while managing projects that are jointly undertaken by two nations. Some of these factors may include construction projects being undertaken by two nations are: politics between the involved nations, cultural differences, and national culture. A number of projects have been hampered by these factors while others have been completed. Completion of some of these projects has been after overcoming challenges while other projects have even failed to commence due to political interests and differences. This paper makes a conclusion that the success of these projects is a result of including and solving the various internal and external factors that may be associated with the projects in the designing and planning face. Therefore, in order that projects are completed successfully, it is important that the various aspects are integrated while planning for these projects. The author of the paper among the projects that have been hampered by politics are South-Sudan- Kenya oil pipeline project, the Mexico Fence Border project, and Channel Tunnel Project among others. Amongst the ones that have been completed with schedule, budget and scope are: Upgrading of Pacific Highway project and Oresund Bridge project among others. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-19243431313953293662019-11-16T23:11:00.001-08:002019-11-16T23:11:03.405-08:00International Political Economy Essay Example for Free International Political Economy Essay International monetary fund (IMF) is an international organization composed currently with around 184 member countries representing almost all the nations in the world with an exception of a few. After the failure of Breton woods it came as a substitute of a regulatory monetary authority. The organization oversees the global financial system by implementing macroeconomics policy and financial policies aimed at stabilizing the economyââ¬â¢s the member nations. The organization was formed with an objective of stabilizing international monetary rates and enhancing economic development among the member states. Similarly International Monetary Fund offers leveraged loans to developing countries to stimulate their economic growth and development. At an extent IMF helps in promoting expansion, and balanced growth of international trade through co-operation with other bodies like World Trade Organization and World Bank. The organization also helps in developing a multilateral system for payment of current transactions. Despite the positive attributes from the organization it has come under severe attack from many experts and organization because of some of their inefficiency of their policies and their ineffectiveness to the targeted programs. Some of the policies used by the organization in trying to address the economic imbalances in developing nations have been ineffective as they have caused adverse effects to the member countries especially third world countries. In certain extent the organization has been used as a tool by the developed nations to propagate political interests of their ââ¬Å"mastersâ⬠through giving out conditional loans to poor nations and proposing for poor policy changes. The paper analyzes the roles of IMF and its policies and the effectiveness of those policies. Although other policies have used by the organization had positive results others technically contributed to economic underdevelopment in most poor nations. Roles of International Monetary Fund International monetary fund plays various significant roles in the global economy; International monetary fund was established to help member countries improve their economies by providing guidance and monitoring economic development in those nations. IMF is also engaged in ensuring there are sound financial policies formulated and implemented by the member states. Through extensive research and analysis the organization comes along with proposition which help in developing effective financial policies in tandem with countryââ¬â¢s existing policies. Sound financial policies proposed by the organization are meant to strengthen the financial system of the global markets and member countries. ââ¬Å"An effective financial system promotes economic growth and reduction of poverty by mobilizing savings and allocating them to productive usesâ⬠(World Bank, 2004, p. 72). International monetary fund provides three types of surveillance to member countries. That is bilateral surveillance, regional surveillance, and multilateral surveillance. Bilateral surveillance mostly involves discussions between international monetary fund, and the member country (Axel 2006, p 769-788). To begin the discussions in bilateral surveillance, IMF technocrats usually visit the member nation to collect information, and hold discussions with government officials in that country so as to gather enough information about the area. Apart from government officials, IMF experts also hold discussions with other members in the country such as labor unions and officials from the private sector and civil society. This is to gain more knowledge on the economic status of the country, and assess opportunities and potential threats. After the mission, the IMF staff holds meeting with the authorities to inform them on the findings obtained, risks and outlook. Bilateral surveillance helps identify risks to financial stability and international monetary fund in the member country. IMF uses bilateral surveillance to provide advice to member countries on the need to adjust certain policies. Bilateral surveillance helps IMF complement multilateral surveillance. Multilateral surveillance is important as it helps IMF strengthening its surveillance efforts. It helps IMF detect systemic risks and increase awareness of the risks in member countries. It also helps identify interdependencies in the international economy. Multilateral surveillance helps IMF identify developments in the global economy. It also helps the organization evaluate financial markets, and the outlook. Moreover, multilateral surveillance helps IMF identify changes to policy, and also effects caused by policies on member countries. IMF is working hard to enhance global discussions of economic connections among countries. This is to improve international trade among the countries (Axel 2006, p 769-788). IMF provides regional surveillance to member countries. Regional surveillance helps IMF monitor regional developments, and policies used by supra national authorities. Regional surveillance helps complement bilateral surveillance as it provides information from more than one country. Regional surveillance is important for members of currency unions. This is because policies in important areas of IMF are determined at regional level. In regional monitoring, discussions with country officials are carried out, and the report is represented separately. Formal procedures are used to conduct surveillance and evaluation over the monetary, and exchange rate policies of European nations. International monetary fund has strengthened its policies on monitoring measures so as to help eliminate concerns like vulnerability to balance of payment. These measures help in eliminating external sustainability and currency crisis in many countries and these are some of concerns that have affected many countries. IMF has developed several initiatives to help improve the effectiveness of bilateral trade. For example, the organization has established external vulnerability assessment. It has also developed initiatives to strengthen surveillance in the financial sector. The initiatives used to provide surveillance in the financial sector include a financial sector assessment program, and prevention of wastage of money. Other measures include prevention of terrorism financing, and assessment of offshore financial centre. IMF has also adopted other initiatives to help in improving its efforts. The organization has improved data provision to IMF, and also analyzing surveillance systems in member countries (Axel 2006, p 769-788). IMF helps in ensuring monetary policy in member countries are utilized effectively so as to prevent inflation (Axel 2006, p 769-788). International Monetary fund intervenes in trying to stabilize the exchange rate among member states. After the collapse of the Breton woods the main aim was to regulate the exchange rate of nations in order to avoid financial and economic imbalances IMF in this instance developed policies meant to help stabilize the exchange rate between countries. Mostly the organization favors a floating exchange rate and constant evaluates monitors and give recommendation on the appropriate exchange rate policies. At the same time IMF tries to develop monetary and exchange rate policy proposals in line with the individual countries policies. Exchange rate is critical in determination of a countryââ¬â¢s monetary and trade policies. Monetary policy is used by monetary authorities to determine and regulate the circulation of money in the economy thus directly influencing the financial and economic measures to be taken. Determination of interest rates comes from the monetary policies decision taken. Adjustment of the interest rates either by lowering or increasing influence the pattern of the economic growth. Lower interest rates tend to stimulate economic growth and development. In this case monetary policy helps in enhancing economic growth, and stability in a country. IMF gives advices to countries on how to use monetary policy appropriately. Monetary policy is also used to prevent inflation in a country by raising interest rates. Monetary policy is important to member countries as it helps in improving economic status of the countries, and also enhancing development in the country. Countries with pegged exchange rates tend to unfairly compete with others in trade. Another role of International Monetary Fund is provision of loans to member countries. The organization provides loans to member countries experiencing balance of payment problems and economic difficulties. The loans provided by IMF are important to member countries as they help countries improve their international reserves, and pay for import (Axel 2006, p 769-788). The fund also helps countries stabilize currencies, and improve economic situations in the country so as to enhance economic growth in the country by adjusting policies to correct underlying problems. Funds provided by IMF help member countries improve national policies in the countries so as to eliminate problems. This is through restructuring of existing policies or creating new policies. IMF does not provide loans for specific projects in member countries. Member countries are encouraged to borrow from IMF if they have no enough funds to finance projects so as to meet their international payments. That is if the country cannot find enough financing to meet its net international payments and maintaining international buffer. IMF provides loans to member countries having financial problems so as to correct policies in the country, and carry out reforms. Countries are encouraged to use funds from IMF to adjust economic policies in the country so as to overcome economic crisis. This is important as it helps countries correct their financial balance, and improve conditions in the country. The funds enable countries to continue paying for imports, improve their international reserves and stabilize currencies. A member country has to follow the right lending process provided by IMF so as to get loans. IMF loans are provided under an agreement between the country, and IMF. The country provides enough reasons as to why it needs the money, and then economic program is established after the agreement. The program is established by country and IMF and presented to the right people. After the arrangement is approved then, IMF releases the funds in installments as the country continues to implement the program (Axel 2006, p 769-788). International monetary fund has established facilities that are customized to address specific situations of its member countries. Developing countries use different facilities from developed countries to access IMF loans. Low income countries use extended credit facility, and other facilities to borrow loans from IMF. These facilities allow countries to borrow on concession terms. Countries can access non- concessional loans via stand by arrangements, and other facilities that offer such loans. The organization provides emergency assistance to member countries to help them recover from natural disasters and conflicts (Axel 2006, p 769-788). Effectiveness of IMF Policies IMF uses various policies to help member countries improve their situations in the country, enhance economic growth, and financial stability. The policies include structural adjustment policies, financial crisis policies, and poverty reduction policies. Most people have criticized IMF policies for their ineffectiveness. This is because the policies implemented by International monetary organization have worsened economic conditions in member countries rather than improving the prevailing situations. The main role of IMF is to improve economic and financial stability in member countries using the policies named above. So far the IMF policies have not helped eliminate economic crisis in many countries and instead it has been contrary to expectations. The policies have affected developing countries more than developed countries as these countries depend on funds and advice from IMF to improve their economic status. (Robert and Jong-Wha 2002, p 1245-1269). Structural adjustment Policy is a shift of policies implemented by member nationââ¬â¢s mostly poor nations towards those guided and advised by IMF for purposes of qualifying to get financial and economic assistance. Structural adjustment policies have been criticized by scholars and experts as they have been seen as instruments of accelerating poverty and underdevelopment. Political shifts and governance reforms are always expected from the member nations expecting to benefit from the IMF. Most often the policies are in line with the system of governance of the developed nations (custodians of the IMF) which are deemed to be effective and efficient. Free trade and market liberalization is always encouraged by the IMF. Structural policies force countries to slash government spending and encourage privatization which also open up countries to exploitation by foreign investors. Structural adjustment policies have increased the level of poverty in many countries by causing many workers to loose jobs and reduction in income for workers due to free markets as most enterprises are sold to foreign investors who implement ââ¬Å"effectiveâ⬠measures. The policies have given debt payment and economic development priority compared to education and health services. IMF has encouraged developing countries to lower living conditions of their citizens. This has affected provision of services in developing countries much. The policies have lead to shortage of the work force in developing countries as most companies, and health centers cannot afford to hire enough personnel (Ngaire 2002, p 83-100). IMF lending policies are condemned because of the conditionality associated with the policy. IMF forces member countries to adjust economic policies so as to overcome problems that led the countries to borrow funds from IMF. The international monetary lending policies are used to provide loans to member countries. The funds help member countries improve their economic status. International monetary lending policies do not serve member countries well. The policies are not flexible, and countries do not get enough money. The conditionality help IMF know if the country is able to repay the loan given. Developing countries do not get enough loans to finance projects in the country. Shortage of funds in developing countries hinders economic growth and increases poverty. The policy force developing countries cut their spending so as to have enough funds for development projects. The policies are not flexible enough to help developing countries get enough funds. In addition, the funds provided by international monetary fund are not enough to help countries eliminate problems. This prevents control of disasters and crisis in the country (Bird and Rowlands 2002, p 173-186). Conclusion The roles of IMF are very significant and critical in ensuring the stability and economic development of not only the member nations but the entire world in general. However Economic policies implemented by International monetary are not effective as they cause stifle economic growth. The economic policies are made to help developing countries improve economic growth, but they encourage economic stagnation. This is because developing countries cut spending in other sectors to get enough funds. Member countries have to cut spending on health sector, the education sector so as to get funds to adjust economic policies in the country. IMF encourages member countries to follow conditions established be fore accessing loans. The member countries are required to adjust policies in the country to overcome problems that have caused economic crisis in the country. This forces countries to concentrate on adjusting economic policies, but not development projects in those countries. This affects provision of crucial services in health care sectors and education. They also lead to lack of employment in developing countries. This leads to poor economic growth in developing countries (Axel 2004, p 445-464). Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42817868510765069.post-2575928634431123412019-11-14T11:42:00.001-08:002019-11-14T11:42:03.855-08:00Essay -- Social constructionism was the theory described by Joel Best that explains how things in life become controversies or problems. The ways in which society thinks about situations and uses categories to analyze events in the world structures experiences and understandings of these events. Humans look at events beyond an objectivist approach, and instead subjectively, affected by the framework in which one lives. The social constructionist theory can be used to look at the relationship between science and the people that it serves, illustrated in Rebecca Sklootââ¬â¢s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Henrietta Lacks was an African American woman who died from cervical cancer in the 1950s. She sought treatment at Johns Hopkins hospital, where she visited many times and eventually passed away. During visits, her cells were taken without her consent, and given to scientist George Gey. Gey quickly realized that Henriettaââ¬â¢s cells were not like other cells that he had grown in his laboratory; they had the ability to grow exponentially in a cell culture, known as HeLa, and soon became seen as immortal cells. Not only that, the cells soon became one of the most prolific resources in medical research, having a major impact in the development of polio vaccines, cloning, gene mapping, and much more. HeLa became a medical controversy, not only because it helped the science world achieve so much, but also because of the ethical quandaries that it developed. Social construction can be used to help explain how HeLa cells became famous in general. According to the theory, primarily claims must be made about something. Then, the media will eventually circulate said claims, which will eventually garner a public reaction. This would lead to policies ... ...Henriettaââ¬â¢s life, informed consent was very informal and lax. But because of cases like HeLa and Mo, informed consent became recognized to be a problem that needed to have strict guidelines and therefore has become required. Looking at the social construct theory, the HeLa cells became viewed as controversial, which in the end made the public find other cases in its nature controversial as well, and needing guidelines to regulate scientific research. Evaluating the current policies, clearly some still believe that there needs to be more guidelines, and others believe that things such as tissue and other biological materials should considered to be under the ownership of the person whom it came from. What the social construct can say about the story of Henrietta, HeLa, and Mo shows just how influential the society is in constructing values, practices, and traditions. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12453576189513542966noreply@blogger.com0