Investment Arbitration: Thesis Proposals Essay

I. Implications of Naming a Most Favorable Nation in International Investment Contract Disputes a. What is meant by clauses containing the assignment of jurisdiction to the Most Favorable Nation? b. How does this affect international relations? c. What is the present validity of such contract clauses? d. What are some known instances of Most Favorable Nation clauses being accepted or rejected? e. If surveyed, what are people’s perspectives on the naming of a Most Favorable Nation? II. Investments to Widow of Deceased Husband: Her Stepchildren’s Argument a. What is fair is the allocation of investments to the widow of a deceased husband when he attributes them to her? b. What are some arguments which may be posed by his children, her stepchildren? c. Would it be fair to divide the investments between all parties? d. How could one assert the rationale that the investments belong solely to the wife, the named inheritor? e. If surveyed, what are people’s perspectives regarding the inheritance rights of family members? III. International Investment Arbitration: One Judicial Oversight a. What is the rationale for having one international judiciary for resolving investment disputes? b. How would regional judiciaries do a better job than one international judiciary? c. What would become of US city, state, and national laws with the intrusion of a larger judicial body? d. Would individual freedom and democracy be affected negatively by one world judiciary? e. If surveyed, what are people’s perspectives regarding many regional judiciaries versus one international judiciary?

Penn Foster Journal Enteries

That decomposing bodies can bring disease. Many religions turned such b when church and state were homogeneous. Modern medicinal technology allows for the harvesting of organs from a corpse, and the successful implantation of that organ into a living human being. Why is that worse than letting that same organ decompose? Treating our dead with respect and reverence is a beautiful characteristic of any society. By honoring the dead we are cherishing the memory of our loved ones, following paradigms of our various belief systems, and honoring the radiations of previous generations.None of those are time valued traditions hold their value if we do not put a higher value on our living than our dead. Our societies need to move forward, and let go of archaic belief systems that hinder our society and hold our citizens health hostage. Reflect If feel that my attitude to writing is relatively the same. My knowledge about writing though has increased substantially throughout this process.I fee l a lot of growth has happened as I have made my way through this Journey. I know a little bit more about my writing style. I have also learned many essay writing techniques that will prove invaluable as I continue my academic and professional careers. I think I could improve as a writer, by being more patient and allowing more time for my ideas to form. Some I am very thankful for the educational opportunity the English module at Penn Foster College has provided.

Decision Making Essay

Managers are constantly called upon to make decisions in order to solve problems. Decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and following them up with the necessary actions. Sometimes the decision-making process is extremely short, and mental reflection is essentially instantaneous. In other situations, the process can drag on for weeks or even months. The entire decision-making process is dependent upon the right information being available to the right people at the right times. The decision-making process involves the following steps: 1. Identifying the problems 2. Identify decision criteria 3. Allocating weights to criteria 4. Develop alternatives. 5. Analyze the alternatives. 6. Select the best alternative. 7. Implement the decision. 8. Establish a control and evaluation system. 1. Identifying the problems In this step, the problem is thoroughly analysed. There are a couple of questions one should ask when it comes to identifying the purpose of the decision. * What exactly is the problem? * Why the problem should be solved? Who are the affected parties of the problem? * Does the problem have a deadline or a specific time-line? 2. Identifying decision criteria The most obviously troubling situations found in an organization can usually be identified as decision crietria of underlying problems (Table 1). These citeria all indicate that something is wrong with an organization, but they don’t identify root causes. A successful manager doesn’t ju st attack the decision criteria but he works to uncover the factors that cause. TABLE 1| Identifying Decision Criteria| Criteria | Underlying Problem| Low profits and/or declining sales| Poor market research| High costs| Poor design process; poorly trained employees| Low morale| Lack of communication between management and subordinates| High employee turnover| Rate of pay too low; job design not suitable| High rate of absenteeism| Employees believe that they are not valued| | 3. Allocating weights to criteria Assigning a weight to each item places the items in the correct priority order of their importance in the decision-making process. 4. Developing alternatives Time pressures frequently cause a manager to move forward after considering only the first or most obvious answers. However, successful problem solving requires thorough examination of the challenge, and a quick answer may not result in a permanent solution. Thus, a manager should think through and investigate several alternative solutions to a single problem before making a quick decision. One of the best known methods for developing alternatives is throughbrainstorming,  where a group works together to generate ideas and alternative solutions. The assumption behind brainstorming is that the group dynamic stimulates thinking — one person’s ideas, no matter how outrageous, can generate ideas from the others in the group. Ideally, this spawning of ideas is contagious, and before long, lots of suggestions and ideas flow. Brainstorming usually requires 30 minutes to an hour. The following specific rules should be followed during brainstorming sessions: * Concentrate on the problem at hand. This rule keeps the discussion very specific and avoids the group’s tendency to address the events leading up to the current problem. * Entertain all ideas. In fact, the more ideas that comes up, the better. In other words, there are no bad ideas. Encouragement of the group to freely offer all thoughts on the subject is important. Participants should be encouraged to present ideas no matter how ridiculous they seem, because such ideas may spark a creative thought on the part of someone else. * Refrain from allowing members to evaluate others’ ideas on the spot. All judgments should be deferred until all thoughts are presented, and the group concurs on the best ideas. Although brainstorming is the most common technique to develop alternative solutions, managers can use several other ways to help develop solutions for example: * Nominal group technique. This method involves the use of a highly structured meeting, complete with an agenda, and restricts discussion or interpersonal communication during the decision-making process. This technique is useful because it ensures that every group member has equal  input in the decision-making process. It also avoids some of the pitfalls, such as pressure to conform, group dominance, hostility, and conflict, that can plague a more interactive, spontaneous, unstructured forum such as brainstorming. 5. Analyzing alternatives The purpose of this step is to decide the relative merits of each idea. Managers must identify the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative solution before making a final decision. Evaluating the alternatives can be done in numerous ways. Here are a few possibilities: * Determine the pros and cons of each alternative. * Perform a cost-benefit analysis for each alternative. * Weight each factor important in the decision, ranking each alternative relative to its ability to meet each factor, and then multiply by a probability factor to provide a final value for each alternative. Regardless of the method used, a manager needs to evaluate each alternative in terms of its * Feasibility  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Can it be done? Effectiveness  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ How well does it resolve the problem situation? * Consequences  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ What will be its costs (financial and nonfinancial) to the organization? 6. Selecting an alternatives After a manager has analyzed all the alternatives, she must decide on the best one. The best alternative is the one that produces the most adv antages and the fewest serious disadvantages. Sometimes, the selection process can be fairly straightforward, such as the alternative with the most pros and fewest cons. Other times, the optimal solution is a combination of several alternatives. Sometimes, though, the best alternative may not be obvious. That’s when a manager must decide which alternative is the most feasible and effective, coupled with which carries the lowest costs to the organization. (See the preceding section. ) Probability estimates, where analysis of each alternative’s chances of success takes place, often come into play at this point in the decision-making process. In those cases, a manager simply selects the alternative with the highest probability of success. 7. Implementing the alternative Managers are paid to make decisions, but they are also paid to get results from these decisions. Positive results must follow decisions. Everyone involved with the decision must know his or her role in ensuring a successful outcome. To make certain that employees understand their roles, managers must thoughtfully devise programs, procedures, rules, or policies to help aid them in the problem-solving process. 8. Evaluating decision effectiveness Even the most experienced business owners can learn from their mistakes. Always monitor the results of strategic decisions you make as a small business owner; be ready to adapt your plan as necessary, or to switch to another potential solution if your chosen solution does not work out the way you expected. Conclusion When it comes to making decisions, one should always weigh the positive and negative business consequences and should favour the positive outcomes. This avoids the possible losses to the organization and keeps the company running with a sustained growth. Sometimes, avoiding decision-making seems easier; specially, when we get into a lot of confrontation after making the tough decision. But, making the decisions and accepting its consequences is the only way to stay in control of our corporate life and time.

Technology ,Rights, Value and Free society Essay

Technology ,Rights, Value and Free society - Essay Example This essay argues that individual rights and the common good can be reconciled; that it would be disastrous to adhere to only one principle. For instance, some claim that the authority bestowed upon individuals by private property rights is very dangerous to the common good; criminologists claim that protecting the criminals’ individual rights is endangering the common good by letting criminals walk; advocates who are focused on the overall moral environment of the society claim that protecting the rights of individuals to take unsafe drugs will certainly challenge public moral standards, whereas others, who are interested in the market’s ethical standing, generally conveys displeasure with the right to freedom of trade and commerce, declaring that these sorts of freedom set free the forces of insatiability, greed, and materialism to the detriment of unity, peace, and civility. Reconciling Individual Rights and the Common Good The restriction of individual rights seldom takes place without asserting or demanding some public value from it. And leading scholars, such as Mesthene, and governing political forces use this public value to justify their agenda of restricting individual rights. However, the key questions are, should it have to be this way? Should individual rights go against the common good? Without a doubt, those who support the natural rights of individuals refuse to believe so. It was exactly to prove the harmony between individual rights and the development of the community. John Locke would definitely disagree that there should be a battle between these two principles. Indeed, the disagreement arises from a fundamental misinterpretation. This includes believing that the community is far from being â€Å"a community of human individuals who share certain community concerns which will best be served if each individual has his or her rights fully protected† (Machan, 1998, 154). The argument is that human nature brings people toge ther into one community and establishes principles by which society could be completely unified, at least in theory. This is the very argument supported by natural rights scholars-- that the common good is most successfully protected by awarding each individual prerogative. Within such prerogative every individual is in all likelihood be able to achieve the best s/he can, bringing about the little or no damage in the process, for by denying individuals the power to meddle in other people’s business, the damage or immortality they do will almost certainly harm only them. This will absolutely work as dissuasion to misbehavior, which, consequently, generates benefits to the larger society. Even those scholars, who thought that preferably the most appropriate course of action for all individuals is to work for the society, also thought that the common good could be gained by means of private avarice, as long as specific ideals of liberty are respected. Even ancient philosophers, such as Aristotle, claimed that private property rights would benefit the common welfare. As stated by Aristotle (Machan, 2004, 73): That all persons call the same thing mine is the sense in which each does so may be a fine thing, but it is impracticable; or if the words are taken in the other sense, such a unity in no way conduces to harmony. And there is another objection to the proposal. For that

MARKETING ACROSS CULTURES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING ACROSS CULTURES - Assignment Example If one looks at the culture of the country then it is found that it is a mix of western and Hispanic cultures. Other advantage of the country lies in the fact that it is a stable democracy and the market offers size and diversity that should be very much appreciated. However it is very difficult to find a single distributor or agent that can cover the huge market. Mexico is one of the two largest markets in the Latin America and is a market that is characterised by high growth potential on one hand but a risky economic and political environment. It is also found that the legal system in Mexico is very different from that exists in UK and it is also found that the culture of the country is also very different. It is also found that the external environment of the company plays an important role in the company deciding on the marketing strategy. In order for the company to expand in the Mexican market it is important for the company to develop and try to maintain close relationship with the customers and partners of the business. It is found that the Mexicans in general prefer to receive direct communication in the form of direct telephone calls and face to face meetings. It is also found that the companies in Mexico are extremely conscious of the price and also tend to seek financing activities and also desire exclusive agreements. It is also found that the businesses value service and flexibility. For entry into the market the company can either use equity modes or non equity modes. Equity modes that the company can use to enter into the market will be in the form of Joint ventures, or wholly owned subsidiaries (Peng, Wang, Jiang, 2008). Non equity modes of entry that the company can use will be in the form of exporting to the country and contractual agreements (LÃ ©vesque and Shepherd, 2004). Each of the modes that are said above has unique advantages and disadvantages associated with it (Sakarya, Eckman and Hyllegard,

Philosophy of God, Religion, and Spirituality Article

Philosophy of God, Religion, and Spirituality - Article Example The concepts are connected to God. Despite the differences in these understandings, both depict the concept of an individual may be religious but not spiritual (Berryman 67). Additionally, they both bring the understanding that a person can be both religious and spiritual in the context that religion connects to spirituality through an abstract feeling or a supernatural object that creates belief. Therefore, it is agreeable that religion defines guidelines and beliefs that its followers adhere to while spirituality defines an individual’s own reality, with direction to an object. Philosopher A is reluctant to quote that children are born with spirituality; thus, little should be done to influence their spirituality since they will bond to what society provides. On the other hand, B and I concede the necessity of upbringing children in an atmosphere where they get to understand the reasons why certain things happen in certain ways. Philosopher A espouses his position by identifying innate ability that children are born with that makes the newborn capable of identifying objects and activities or practices around them (the children or newborn). B identifies children as societal responsibility that will transform to become what they have been molded to be. From the above premises, it is certain that children are entire subjects of societal beliefs and dispositions. They often grow and become adults defined by the values the society has imparted on them. Certainly, Spirituality connects us to God through religion. Religion sets the guidelines and principles that direct an individual’s spiritual world (Berryman).

Research Paper about Marijuana legalization - Criminal Justice Studies

About Marijuana legalization - Criminal Justice Studies - Research Paper Example This research paper is therefore important for identifying whether or not alternative responses to the social, economic and health issues linked to marijuana may be more appropriate. This research paper therefore proposes to identify the social, economic and health issues linked to the abuse of marijuana and whether or not the cost of decriminalizing marijuana is proportionate to these issues. I chose this topic because I have personally observed friends who use marijuana regularly. Some of these friends function no differently than friends who do not use marijuana. Some of these friends however appear to be lackadaisical and unmotivated and do not function productively. I found the disparity in my friends’ functioning interesting and wondered if the different reactions to marijuana use influence the controversy over whether or not marijuana use should be controlled by legislation. This research is conducted by a review of the literature on the pros and cons of legalising mari juana and the literature on the social, economic and health consequences of marijuana use. ... Significance of the Study 10 VI.Research Methodology 10 VII.Organization of the Study 11 Chapter Two 13 A Review of the Literature 13 I.Introduction 13 A.Public Opinion 13 B.Legal Issues 16 C.Economic Issues 18 D.Social and Health Costs 22 II.Conclusion 25 Chapter Three 26 Research Methodology 26 Chapter Four 29 Results and Analysis 29 I.Results 29 A.Semi-Structured Interviews 29 B.Questionnaires 31 III.Conclusion 35 IV.Strengths of the Research 36 V.Weaknesses of the Research 36 VI.Areas for Future Research 36 Bibliography 41 Chapter One Introduction to the Study I. Introduction An increase in marijuana use during the 1990s has given way to an intensification of the debate on the legalization of marijuana (Strang, Wilton, & Hall, 2000). Proponents in favor of legalizing marijuana argue that marijuana is harmless when used as a recreational drug and has therapeutic/medicinal value. Opponents of legalizing marijuana argue however, that marijuana should remain a banned substance since its use is harmful to personal health and to public safety (Strang, et. al., 2000). In more recent times the debate over the legalization of marijuana gained increasing currency with the medical community’s involvement. Within the medical community there was sufficient recognition of the medicinal value of marijuana to persuade some states to legalize marijuana for medicinal purposes. Medicinal marijuana is said to be an effective therapy for pain, nausea and vomiting linked to chemotherapy, excessive weight loss in AIDS patients and can help patients tolerate the side effects of some conventional treatments. Convinced of its medical value, between 1996 and

Generating electricity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Generating electricity - Assignment Example Most of the energy is generated in large power stations located too far from where the energy is in use. Therefore, they rely on the importation of energy so as to meet the increasing demand. Electricity is imported from New Zealand, which is characterized by a series of generation plants, and transported to the region through the national grid (David 2002). Natural gas from Taranaki is piped via a series of underground gas pipes and lines, whereas, petrol and aviation fuel produced at Marsden Point Refinery is conveyed to the county via a single pipe. Auckland portrays strong energy demand since the war characterized by high costs of transportation of fuel, increasing reliance on imported energy and low resilience towards altering energy supplies. The council has recognized that Auckland’s continued dependence on imported energy and the lengthy supply chains will pose risks to the future energy security of the country. Therefore, they must appropriately manage their energy so urces by ensuring proper land use decisions are made on the understanding of the current peak oil demand, and the perception of the climate change. Implications of Erecting Additional Transmission Lines The need to invest in the national grid For Auckland wellbeing and continuous economic performance, a secure energy source and supply is required. All the families and business in the region rely on the existence of a dependable energy supply in the form of electricity, gas or in other form. There is a high likelihood of Auckland’s demand for energy to rise in the future. Therefore, Transpower has to ensure that there are sufficient energy sources to meet the rising demand. Security of energy supply in Auckland has raised significant economic issues. There have been various challenges that have raised concern, for example, in 2006 extreme weather conditions lead to a failure at Otahuhu substation disrupting power supply to a large part of Auckland (Ray 2012). The majority of t he Auckland community needs the continuous supply of electricity. It is not only the residential and commercial markets that depend on electricity but also the entire activities of the country. The community’s public utility base or infrastructure relies on the uninterrupted supply of electricity. Other parts like water and waste treatment, schools, hospitals and ports heavily depend on electricity for efficient operation of their activities. Without electricity, the security and safety, health and environmental conditions are adversely compromised. Cost and funding implications Any project designed or implemented will experience and, therefore, meet some costs during the process, which will demand internal and external funding to complete the project as desired and fulfill all specifications and requirement expected. The choosing of a funding system will significantly affect the individual and state contribution to the share of the financial report. Although these effects ma y be negative, they also show the outcome levels achieved by the system, who receives formal support and the level of support given or received. Funding can be tendered by either private or public or both at the same time. Each system is always affected by both political and economical judgments (Sowell 2011). In choosing a funding system, the first criterion is to assess the performance of available

Abolition of Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Abolition of Capital Punishment - Essay Example On the other side are those that the first side calls the "abolitionists", people like this writer who are against capital punishment and who want it abolished. This paper explains the reasons why capital punishment must be abolished, analyzing and explaining the opposing views in the hopes that such a position is objective, reasonably justified and supported.Undoubtedly, the question as to whether it is right and just to take away the life of a human being, no matter how wretched or criminal, is an issue that contains a high degree of intellectual and emotional content. This is an issue that affects us all, and the materials available on the topic are charged with a load of subjectivity, unavoidable because individual and collective perceptions differ on several key points of the issue, and concepts such as "justice", "punishment", "heinous", and "crime", just for starters, admit varying degrees of propriety. Take, for example, the term "just punishment". Who determines what is just, and when is a punishment just Why is it a just punishment to sentence to death a serial killer found guilty of murdering a dozen victims, compared to the "just punishment" of a politician who sent tens of thousands of soldiers to die in a "useless" war (think thirty-plus years ago) by not getting re-elected to another term While one might say that serial murder is an unjust crime and that fighting a just war is not, the fact that legal concepts resting on a foundation of laws created by men (and women) allows a flexibility of interpretation that strikes at the core of our discussion. Doubts about the shaky foundations on which an argument (or a part of it) rests should at the least lead one to conclude with intellectual honesty that in the face of uncertainty, would it not be best to stay on the side of caution Such is the basic position of this writer given the complex nature of the issue at hand: that capital punishment must be abolished because the empirical evidence on which to establish intellectual certainty seems to be in favor of a cautious course of action. Before considering the empirical evidence such as statistics and the more commonly-known public arguments presented by either side, the most logical starting point to defend this writer's intellectual position is to define the concepts that facilitate our understanding of the issue: the value of human life, justice as a concept and a system, crime and punishment, order, and society. The core of the capital punishment issue is the value of human life. Those who support the death penalty cite it as a core of their argument for social justice to be satisfied. They argue that putting to death the person who took away a life (or many lives) would give just satisfaction to the victim, to those the victim left behind (family and friends), and also to the social order, a characteristic of society whereby justice needs to be upheld for order to be established. A corollary is that if justice is not served by a like-for-like punishment where the criminal is made to suffer the same fate (death) as the victim, society would end in chaos as people would not be deterred from committing the same crime (Anderson, 2005). The basic faults of this line of argument are the deceptive and contradictory valuation of human life, its flawed strategy for restoring and establishing social order, and a faulty view on the deterrent

Internet in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet in Organizations - Essay Example Providing quality is arguably the most important quality of the internet. There is cut throat competition all across the globe and companies can access pivotal information of other rival companies and they can benefit from the same. All the required information is available on the internet, for instance the internet offers access to various libraries and other good resources, the financial information can easily be retrieved of any company by making use of this wonderful technology. Websites like Google, Yahoo have become global leaders in helping shape up business ideas. There are several professional software like Tally etc that specialize in easy business transactions. Tally has become very popular and it is capable of doing multi tasking. It is the best software to record business transactions. Internet is without a doubt a very big boon to the society, it is extremely efficient in getting information about the demographics of various potential customers. This data is very handy and it further helps in the growth of the business. The internet is capable of displaying precise results for queries within a few seconds and its speed is probably the most outstanding factor. Dial up is preferred in a company that has several employees working in different geographical locations. There are several benefits that can be derived when an organization tends to choose the internet for the growth of the business that they are engaging in. The information transmitted when a business activity takes place, takes a lot of time to reach the concerned people, when the use of internet takes place in the same process, the process gets completed much faster. For instance, transferring the invoices, shipping notifications takes a lot of time but the same can be done with the help of the internet within seconds. Internet has rejuvenated information management, the important e-mails and other files can be transferred at a lightning speed and the same saves a lot of time of the organization, providing them with an opportunity to utili ze the same time elsewhere creatively. Dependability The internet is an extremely dependable technology; it enables organizations to avoid various errors which would have been inevitably made had this technology not had a major influence. The internet is made use of to develop better user interface that help the organizations in expanding. It is capable of coping with unexpected uncertainties like data loss etc. It is extremely beneficial in minimizing the uncertainties so that future of the organizations using this technology becomes bright. The various data protection software offered by the internet ensures the safety of the organization and enables the growth in the organization. From the points mentioned it is well understood that internet is extremely dependa

Nickel and Dimed Essay Example for Free

Nickel and Dimed Essay In the book â€Å"Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America† Barbara Ehrenreich writes of her experiences working and living in what is considered mainstream America. In the sociological perspective the method of research Ehrenreich used was that of participant observation in which the researcher participates in the research setting while observing what is happening in that setting. The type of people studied were the lower middle class, the working class and the working poor. Lower middle class is about 30 percent of the population and members of this class have jobs that call for them to follow orders given by those who have upper middle class credentials. Their technical and lower level management positions bring them a good living, but is usually constantly threatened by taxes and inflation. In Ehrenreich’s book she discusses how these groups of individuals will feel secure in their positions and anticipate being able to move up the social class ladder. The distinction between the lower middle class and the working class on the next lower rung are more blurred than those between other classes, but members of the lower middle class work at jobs that have slightly more prestige and their incomes are generally higher. The focus on the book was more on the working class and the working poor. Another 30 percent of the U. S. Population belongs to this class of relatively unskilled blue collar and white collar workers. Compared with the lower middle class, they have less education and lower incomes. Their jobs are also less secure, more routine, and more closely supervised. One of their greatest fears is being laid off during a recession. With only a high school diploma, the average member of the working class has little hope of climbing up the class ladder. Job changes usually bring more of the same, so most concentrate on getting ahead by achieving seniority on the job rather than by changing their type of work. Ehrenreich worked mainly in this class but in order to make ends meet, she also took a job, cleaning houses that the working poor would normally be employed at. The working poor make up about 22 percent of the population and work at unskilled, lower paying, temporary and seasonal jobs, such as sharecropping, migrant farm work, house cleaning and day labor. Most are high school dropouts. Many are functionally illiterate, finding it difficult to read even the want ads. They are less likely to vote because they feel that no matter what party is elected to office their situation won’t change. Many of these individuals work full time but still have to depend on help such as food stamps to supplement their meager incomes. But with the push to end social institutions in America the problem will only become huge. Ehrenreich’s book shows how easy to see how one can work full time and still are poor. This book shows clearly the workings of the capitalist society we live in. How most live day to day and if they are getting by don’t mind. The working poor are the one’s that will be affected the most by welfare reform and in my opinion no one is really paying attention. The only attention is the bottom dollar; the only thing that is looked at is how much this will increase money for the upper classes. It really wasn’t very shocking to me what was going on when you live and have lived within these social classes. I have always known we are just the indentured servants working for the capitalist class that only create about 1 percent of the population. Reference: Ehrenreich, B. (2003). Nickel Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. New York: Holt Publishers.

New Testament Essay Example for Free

New Testament Essay â€Å"This weakness is displayed in the special terms that are employed by the theory —innocent, combatant, aggression, authority and so on. These terms are subject to the slipping and sliding of deconstructive analysis and forever need further, technical definition. For example, what constitutes an act of ‘aggression’? Is it Ð ° physical assault on one’s territory? An insult to the national pride? Ð  trade embargo, an attack on one’s ally? Osama bin Laden justifies his attack on 9/11 as an act of self-defense against American ‘aggression’, which has destroyed the ‘religion and life’ of his people. For over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into Ð ° spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples. If some people have in the past argued about the fact of the occupation, all the people of the Peninsula have now acknowledged it. The best proof of this is the Americans’ continuing aggression against the Iraqi people using the Peninsula as Ð ° staging post, even though all its rulers are against their territories being used to that end, but are helpless†¦ All these crimes and sins committed by the Americans are Ð ° clear declaration of war on Allah, his messenger, and Muslims. And ulema [religious leaders] have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries. This was revealed by Imam Bin-Qadamah in ‘Al-Mughni’, Imam al-Kisa’i in ‘Al-Bada’I’, al-Qurtubi in his interpretation, and the shaykh of al-Islam in his books, where he said: ‘As for the fighting to repulse [an enemy], it is aimed at defending sanctity and religion, and it is Ð ° duty as agreed [by the ulema]. Nothing is more sacred than belief except repulsing an enemy who is attacking religion and life’. In fact, this same justification is not so remote from what we hear in our own country, where the left-wing often blames American imperialism and the international system of capitalism for raping the cultures of third world countries, exploiting the people, producing poverty, and sowing the seeds for Ð ° violent response. The criteria do not seem to help the special problem at hand. Most scholars seem to think that just war theory allows for pre-emptive strikes, but the conditions and details are not so clear. The Bush administration and the ‘National Security Strategy’ contend that pre-emptive strikes against Iraq are consonant with just war theory, international law, and Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Legal scholars and international jurists are said to sanction the right of Ð ° pre-emptive strike based on the condition of an imminent threat. † (Gabriel 2006 27-33) â€Å"However, the Vatican seems to interpret its own codes as Ð ° justification for fighting Ð ° defensive war against Ð ° particular act of aggression, and most scholars seem to agree with its interpretation of the tradition. Jeff McMahan, Ð ° professor at the University of Illinois, says that the theory has Ð ° strong aversion to pre-emptive war. Normally we prefer to punish Ð ° crime already committed, rather than speculate over future possibilities. Just war theory does not like to exchange its certitude for Ð ° more problematic or sordid enterprise. 18 William Gaston, professor at the University of Maryland, finds it necessary to create more criteria to justify his opposition to the administration’s policy, he concedes that ‘anticipatory self-defense has Ð ° place in international law and just war theory’, but he does not concur with the current application of this most difficult step. His criteria would involve Ð ° consideration of the enormity, probability and imminence of the threat, as well as the cost of delay, According to these criteria, the Bush policy is unnecessary in the present circumstance—at least for the time being. Saddam Hussein is not Ð ° present danger (imminence); other options for Ð ° number of months could prove fruitful (cost of delay); and it is unlikely that Saddam would hand WMD to terrorists based on his past actions and present interest. The conclusion is that ‘the case for Ð ° pre-emptive strike has not been made’. Those who list criteria often cast Ð ° negative vote toward an action. Just war treatises often demand fulfillment of all of its conditions. Thomas Aquinas, when he composed his conditions for just war (proper authority, just cause and right intention), insisted that all three conditions must be met as Ð ° necessary apologia for war. The scholastics went on to develop the maxim bonum ex integra causa, malum ex quocumque defectu. â€Å"However, with the United States issuing Ð ° â€Å"with us or against us ultimatum after September 11 and simultaneously dangling the carrot of long-term economic and military assistance in return for logistic support for Americas war effort, each Central Asian state rushed to strike unilateral deals with the United States based on its own self-interest, thereby allowing the United States to establish Ð ° strategic foothold in Central Asia with little or no thought for Chinas concerns. For Central Asians, it was Ð ° golden opportunity to lessen the overbearing influence of their neighboring giants (Russia and China). They view the expanded U. S. military presence in the region as an insurance policy against any future bid by Russia and China to reassert control. However, the lack of strategic policy coordination post-September 11 among the SCO member states left the multilateral forum seriously weakened, undercut the groups solidarity, and represented Ð ° â€Å"major failure for the fledgling group† established to provide Ð ° regional response to terrorism in the region. 65 It also highlighted the tenuous nature of Chinas â€Å"strategic influence† in Central Asia where local ethnic and religious rivalries and conflicting interests present formidable obstacles to Beijings desire to knit the regions governments into Ð ° solid security partnership to further Chinas grand strategic objectives. â€Å" (Mohan 2002) This meant that an action cannot have any moral defect if it is to find justification before God. Ð  war must involve the perfection of God, or it cannot proceed under his blessing. The conditions of war is wholly good, universal and absolute. They do not serve as simple rules of thumb, which may have tensions and become subject to compromise between them. However, this preference for absolute, deontological ethics does not allow the tradition to meet the changing needs of the human condition. It becomes Ð ° pretext for doing nothing because it is based upon past concerns and does not relate to modern times. Its view of the world comes from the Greek philosophical notion of kosmos, not the biblical concept of history, Its world is Ð ° closed shell of eternal laws that contain no openness to the changes of history or the historical nature of humankind. It often strait-jackets its proponents into following rules and failing to take the best course of action in the present circumstance. It limits itself to Ð ° past set of rules that are composed without the prescience of future, historical constellations. The absolute dogmatic claims of the system are somewhat surprising since so much of the analysis depends upon the power of human reason. Its basis of authority does not reside in scripture so much—maybe because the questions it asks are removed from the basic message of the New Testament. † (Elizabeth 2004 6)

Far Right Propaganda A Historical Analysis

Far Right Propaganda A Historical Analysis The parallels between modern far right propaganda and Nazi propaganda leading up to world war two. Propaganda is defined in the oxford dictionary as Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. Propaganda is biased, persuasive and not objective; a form of media usepd to promote a point of view or political stance. Propaganda has been used throughout history to influence and shape views by selectively presenting information and withholding facts. The language and imagery used in political propaganda is carefully selected to conjure an emotional response from an audience rather than a more rational response. The word propaganda is a word derived from the name of a new administrative body of the Catholic Church in 1622 entitled Congregatio de Propaganda Fide which translates as Congregation for the propagating the Faith or informally just propaganda.   Ã‚   There are three different types of propaganda; black, white and grey. White propaganda is the most credible and comes from a source that is identified correctly, and the information in the message tends to be accurate (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012, p.17). The source is often well respected and the information is truthful, however, presented in a way which is biased to convince the audience that they have the best knowledge of political ideology. The best example of white propaganda is newspaper publishing throughout history as the source is clear however the content can vary depending on the political views of the writer. Grey propaganda is a type of propaganda that falls between black and white propaganda; it is often created by a private organisation yet presents itself like a credible source. Grey propaganda can be described best as The source may or may not be correctly identified, and the accuracy of the information is uncertain (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012 p.20). In recent years the problem of fake news stories online is the most obvious version of modern grey propaganda. Black propaganda is the least credible type of propaganda and often comes from a fake or unidentified source and is used predominantly to spread lies. Black propaganda is often created with the intention of being portrayed as a credible source. A good example of the use of black propaganda was seen in the run-up to the 2007 federal election in Australia. Members of the liberal party circulated flyers around Sydney under the pretence of being circulated by an organisation called the Islamic Australia Federation. These flyers recognized the Australian L ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­abour party for supporting Islamic fundamentalists and terrorism. The purpose of this was to conjure fear in the public and alter their political alliances. In Germany in the 1930s, propaganda played a very large part in how the Nazi Party were perceived. Control over what people in Germany could see was heavily restricted which meant obvious propaganda was used in all media including literature, art, music, film, newspapers and radio. Dr Joseph Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda with the official title Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was his role to ensure nobody in Germany could see or read anything that could be damaging to the reputation of the Nazi party. Graphic design is key in conveying the messages of propaganda. All art is propaganda. It is universally and inescapably propaganda; sometimes unconsciously, but often deliberately, propaganda. This is according to Upton Sinclair, an American author and political commentator, and in the case of Nazi propaganda this was very true and deliberate. Views put across in Nazi propaganda seemed extreme in modern Britain until very recently. The idea that people were taken in by this blatant propaganda seems ludicrous, until you start to look at the startling correlation between imagery and views in Nazi propaganda leading up to world war two and propaganda created by far right groups in recent years. Historical context and Nazi propaganda paragraph Brexit Paragraph Left: A Nazi propaganda film. The images come from a BBC documentary currently on Netflix called Auschwitz: Nazis and the final solution. Right: Nigel Farage, leader of UKIP during the European referendum, standing in front of a UKIP pro-leave poster. Despite not being part of the official leave campaign during the European Referendum in June 2015, Nigel Farage, Leader of far right political party UKIP made constant headlines throughout the campaign. The most controversial piece of propaganda over the last few weeks of campaigning was UKIPs breaking point poster which depicts a long line of refugees trying to reach Europe. The photograph was taken by photographer Jeff Mitchell and shows refugees passing through an old railway line in Slovenia after being kettled by police, explaining the traumatised look on their faces. Jeff Mitchell intentionally took the shot to show the volume of people from an impartial humanitarian point of view as he explains It was a very flat walk, so I scoped out a bridge to shoot from. I knew exactly what lens I was going to use, to compress the group, to show how many people were there. I could have walked with them the whole length, photographing how people were struggling, but you can sum it all up in one picture.. The photograph is now one of the most memorable images of the right wing pro-leave campaign and far right politics in Britain. The text and design of the poster is also important. The banner along the bottom is very simple and easy to read and also looks extremely similar to the format of the leave.eu official campaigns posters which could potentially have been planned to blur the line between the two. The Breaking Point poster was intended to evoke an emotional response from the audience. The image of the hundreds of predominantly male refugees was used so that British people voting in the referendum would feel fear or perhaps a need to protect their country from the unknown. Far right groups use fear and scaremongering in this way to incite hatred of foreigners and different races and religions. In the lead up to World War II, Nazi propaganda films were also used to spark this same sense of fear using volume of people. In my first image you can see a still from a 1941 Nazi newsreel showing the march of Bessarabian Jews in Romania. In this same newsreel, the Jews are also referred to as parasites which links strongly to how refugees are perceived today. The two images have a lot in common in both appearance and political message and both aim to evoke the same response from the audience fear and hatred. Although, different Medias, the photography is similar and has been directly p lanned in order to show as many people as possible in the image. In the case of the Breaking Point poster, UKIP have appropriated this image for their own political cause, whereas in the Nazi newsreel, it is highly likely this was done intentionally. Another parallel between the two images which explain their form and the faces of those photographed is the events leading up to the images. In the photograph of the Jews travelling through Romania they were forced to walk in such a line similarly to the refugees in Slovenia who were kettled by police before being walked in a certain direction. But the most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly and with unflagging attention. It must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over. Here, as so often in this world, persistence is the first and most important requirement for success. Adolf Hitler The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own understanding of their history. George Orwell US politics The American fascists are most easily recognized by their deliberate perversion of truth and fact. Their newspapers and propaganda carefully cultivate every fissure of disunity, every crack in the common front against fascism. Henry A. WallaceRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/henry_a_wallace.html The United States has its own propaganda, but its very effective because people dont realize that its propaganda. And its subtle, but its actually a much stronger propaganda machine than the Nazis had but its funded in a different way. Crispin GloverRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/search_results.html?q=propaganda+nazi Progressives know there is something very wrong when a nation divided politically has one major network operating as a propaganda arm of the Republican Party and 90 percent of talk radio is dominated by right-wing extremists. Bernie SandersRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/search_results.html?q=right+wing+propaganda

We Must Enforce Title IX Essays -- Intercollegiate Athletics

The Civil right Acts of 1964 was originally written to end discrimination based on race, color, national origin, and along the way came Title IX. Title IX as we all know gave equal opportunity for women to participate in sports starting in Elementary schools to colleges or the universities level and almost all schools and colleges receive federal funding. The original intention was never focused on sports. It wasn’t until 1969 when an emerging activist by the name of Bernice Sandler complained to the University of Maryland and many more other universities that women are being treated unfairly, and the inequalities in pay, rank, admissions, and much more. In 1970, â€Å"Sandler joined Representative Edith Green’s Subcommittee on Higher Education and sat in on the congressional hearings where women’s rights were discussed†. It wasn’t in congressional hearing that Green and Sandler proposed Title IX and again, there was very limited mention of sports. The focal point was aiming toward equalities at employment and federally financed institutions. Although, Title IX was officially passed into law on June 23, 1972, many people didn’t fully understand what Title IX and that there were also other people who was against Title IX. President Nixon â€Å"President Nixon directed the now-defunct Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) to carry out this important task.† In wasn’t until 1972 when the HEW published their finalized copy of Title IX and that’s when people had a good understanding of what it truthfully means. This was the step that people have finally have a clear understanding of Title IX and that it would applies to college athletics. Universities were given three years to implements Title IX. Many universities weren’t too happy a... ...men are still being treated unfairly in the school system and are getting the dead end of the deal. Works Cited Priest, Laurie. "The Whole IX Yards: the impact of Title IX: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly. " Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal. 12.2 (Fall 2003) Yiamouyiannis, Athena. "The future of Title IX: ensuring success through proactive approaches." Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal 12.2 (Fall 2003) Claussen, Cathryn L. "Female sport participation in America: the effectiveness of Title IX after 35 years." The International Sports Law Journal 3-4 (July-Oct 2007) Reynolds, Gerald. "Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance." (2003) "FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking." n. pag. Web. 28 Mar 2011. .

Ernest Hemingway :: essays papers

Ernest Hemingway In this paper, I will describe what critics have to say about Ernest Hemingway^s novel The Sun Also Rises and his short story A clean well-Light Place. First I will describe the basic plot of the story, then go one to describe each of the characters by what the critics have to say about them. I will start off with the main character and narrator Jake Barnes. Then go to Lady Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, Pedro Romero, and finally I will fish off that section with a little about Bill Gordon. Then I will describe a little of how Ernest Hemingway^s characters fit into what critics have to say about the story. After that, I will then go into describing how the four American Themes were used in the novel. After that, I will evaluate the criticism of the book using one or two quotes from the book. >From there, I go into my next literary work. I describe the basic plot of A Clean Well-Light place. Then I describe the themes of the story. I then go on to describing the criticism, or at least what I could find on the short story. I continue with my evaluation of the criticism of the book. Also using one or two quotes. I conclude my paper by giving my evaluation of each of the works, and evaluating the author^s style, content, and themes. In The Sun Also Rises, meet Jake Barnes, the main character and narrator of the novel. He and his friend Robert Cohn meet a lady named Lady Brett. Here is the story of their adventure. In The Sun Also Rises, a group of young Americans move to Paris after World War I. Jake Barnes, a newspaperman who is in love with Lady Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, a Jewish former Princeton student who was outcast, Lady Brett Ashley, an older Englishwoman who also love Jake Barnes, but can^t consummate their love because he was wounded in his genitals. As they travel through Paris drinking and sitting at cafes, they met up with Brett^s fianc Mike Campbell and his friend Bill Gorton. Jake plans a trip to Pamplona, Spain for a festival full of bullfighting and the running of the bulls. Before everyone got to Spain, Mike, Brett and Robert already being there, Mike and Brett decided to take a side trip to San Sebastian. Robert followed them like a lovesick puppy. While in Spain they met up with a bullfighter

Jungian Psychology and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay

As the Heart of Darkness snakes its way into the savage shadows of the African continent, Joseph Conrad exposes a psycho-geography of the collective unconscious in the entangling metaphoric realities of the serpentine Congo. Conrad’s novella descends into the unknowable darkness at the heart of Africa, taking its narrator, Marlow, on an underworld journey of individuation, a modern odyssey toward the center of the Self and the center of the Earth. Ego dissolves into soul as, in the interior, Marlow encounters his double in the powerful image of ivory-obsessed Kurtz, the dark shadow of European imperialism. The dark meditation is graced by personifications of anima in Kurtz’ black goddess, the savagely magnificent consort of the underworld, and in his porcelain -skinned Persephone, innocent intended of the upperworld. Though â€Å"Dr. Jung’s discoveries were not known to Conrad, â€Å" (Hayes, 43) who wrote this master work between 1898 and 1899, Heart of Darkne ss presents a literary metaphor of Jungian psychology. This paper explores the dark territory of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness as metaphor for the Jungian concepts of the personal and the collective unconscious, as a journey of individuation, a meeting with the anima, an encounter with the shadow, and a descent into the mythic underworld. Like Conrad’s Marlow, who is propelled toward his African destiny despite ample warning and foreboding, I have been drawn beyond the classic analysis of the Heart of Darkness, embarking down an uncharted tributary, scouting parallels between Marlow’s tale and Jung’s own journeys to Africa, and seeking murky insight into the physical and the metaphorical impact of the dark continent on the language and the landscape of depth psychology. â€Å"Africa,†... ...Aniela Jaffe. New York: Random House, 1989. Jung, C.G. Two Essays on Analytical Psychology. R.F.C. Hull. Bollingen Series XX. Princeton: Princeton U. Press, 1977. Lord, George de Forest. Trials of the Self: Heroic Ordeals in the Epic Tradition Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1983. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992. Mellard, James. "Myth and Archetype in Heart of Darkness," Tennessee Studies in Literature 13 (1968): 1-15. Miller, David. Hells and Holy Ghosts: A Theopoetics of Christian Belief. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1989. Smith, Evans Lansing. Rape and Revelation: The Descent to the Underworld in Modernism. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1990. Spivack, Charlotte. "The Journey to Hell: Satan, The Shadow, and the Self." Centennial Review 9:4 (1965): 420 - 437.

How Far Should a State Have a Right to Monitor the Actions of People Within Its Borders?

The state should monitor the actions of people within its borders if such actions pose a threat to the national security. A nation's security is of an utmost importance to a country as it ensures the survivability of a country. It is with this reason that the government should have a right to monitor the actions of the people within its borders. This refers to individuals who engage in terrorist activities with the aim of conducting terrorist attacks in the country to instill fear in others. E. g. In Singapore, the government monitored the actions of Mas Selamat when the police received tip off of his plan to bomb the Singapore Changi Airport in 2002, where he was eventually arrested. The state should have a right to monitor the actions of the people within its borders, especially during stressful times such as war; as long as its monitoring does not result in the violation of human rights. Possessing the highest power, the state has jurisdiction in virtually all areas that society h as to deal with. Hence, it does have the right to monitor the actions of people. In times of war, famine, disease and violent acts will arise. In such times, the general public is unable to control and detain the situation, thus requiring the intervention of a higher power. For example, the state should have the right to implement a curfew during a war. This helps keep the people safe and reduces the chance of a violent protest or riot that may result in more deaths. Eg: During the 2010 clash between the red shirts and the yellow shirts in Thailand, the state intervened and imposed a curfew to monitor the actions of the Thais. This action has prevented more deaths and kept the people safe. Thus, the state should intervene in times of war to help control the situation. Government should not have the right to monitor actions of people when it comes to choosing one's life partner. Individuals should be given the freedom to decide with whom they would want to spend the rest of their lives with. If the government were to interfere in this issue, it would go against the basic human rights of freedom of choice. However, the state should not intervene when it violates human rights. The purpose of the state monitoring is to benefit the people; however when the state crosses the line and invades the privacy of people, this right should be revoked. Eg: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in America has the authority to monitor anyone without the person legally consenting to it. This has resulted in the unhappiness of Americans and resulting in Americans losing faith in their legal system. Thus, the state should have a right to monitor the actions of people when in dire situations such as war but not at the expense of the privacy of people.

American vs. Chinese Culture Essay

Psychological anthropology is the study of individuals and their personalities and identities, within particular cultural contexts (Miller, 2007). Although American and Chinese people are raised in different cultures, their cultures are somewhat similar. Even though individuals are raised thousands of miles apart, is it possible to possess some of the same personality traits? In the American culture, baby showers are held to celebrate the impending birth of a baby. Family and friends bring many necessities needed for the new baby, such as, clothes, money, bottles, stroller, car seat, and or diapers. Once the baby is born it is the American culture to separate babies by gender. It is customary for boys to be dressed in blue and girls to be dressed in pink. As they grow, boys are encouraged to play with trucks, action figures and guns to promote strength and power. Whereas, girls are encouraged to play with dolls, cook with toy stoves, and play house to promote nurturing. As the child grows into adolescence, this is reinforced in the chores delegated to them. Boys are expected to cut the grass, take out the trash, and help out with any other â€Å"handyman† jobs. Girls are expected to wash dishes, do the laundry, sweep and mop floors. Hence, the stereotyping begins. This stereotyping is evident in adulthood. Men are labeled as providers, protectors, and head of the household. Men are expected to work to support their families. Men are often pressured to assert their masculinity and strength within there jobs and at home. Today, men are beginning to take on more responsibilities within the home. Women are labeled as mothers, housekeepers, and nursemaids, to name a few. Many years ago, women were not respected in the workforce. Their job selection was very slim, mainly secretaries. However, during World War II women took the place of men in the workforce showing they could perform the jobs just as well as the men. Today, women are highly accepted in the workforce and hold high powered positions within companies and even own their own businesses. Once men and women reach their senior years, they have achieved their social status. They are afforded the opportunity to retire from the workforce. In doing so, they are able to travel or just enjoy life at their leisure. They no longer have to pay taxes and receive their social security benefits as their compensation for working. Unlike the American culture where there is no animosity over the gender of babies, Chinese culture is different. Boys are considered treasured, so much so that years ago infant girls were killed. In doing this China has created an imbalance in the male to female ratio. In the Chinese culture, a baby’s birth is not celebrated until the infant is one month old. The family holds a â€Å"red egg and ginger† party. This is the time when the parents introduce their baby to friends and family, who bring gifts for the baby: boys receive â€Å"lucky† money and girls receive expensive jewelry. Parents present each guest with a dyed red egg to symbolize happiness and the renewal of life. Traditionally, gender roles in China are similar to the ones in the United States. The man goes to work, the woman is a housewife. This is changing, especially with the ‘one child policy’ in China. Women are not needed at home as much to take care of children since families are only allowed to have one child. In some cases, a family is allowed to have two children. For example, if the first born is a daughter, they may be permitted to have another child. There is a lot less social distance among Chinese people compared to Americans. It is a collectivist culture – people depend on each other and take care of each other. Chinese people spend a lot less time alone than Americans do. One example of this is the family unit is very close in Chinese culture. It is very common for three or more generations to live together because a lot of people still live with their parents when they have established their own families. Chinese people are more reserved when it comes to physical contact or showing public display of affection, especially in romantic relationships. Chinese people initiate physical contact very gradually compared to Americans. Premarital sex is a lot less common in China than in the United States. Both cultures show traits of openness by allowing individuals to explore their curiosity of the world and show their emotions. They also allow for individuals to be conscientious of their actions, to be self-disciplined, and to be cooperative towards others. Although two cultures are different it is possible for individuals to share the same traits. ? REFERENCES Chinese Culture. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 3, 2010, from English in Taiwan. com: http://www. englishintaiwan. com/foreigners/chinese_culture. php Gender: Gender Roles and Stereotypes. (2010). Retrieved February 3, 2010, from Marriage and Family Encyclopedia: http://family. jrank. org/pages/686/Gender-Gender-Roles- Stereotypes. html Miller, B. D. (2007). Cultural Anthropology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Olsen, A. (2009, April 10). China’s Population Laws Threaten Baby Girls, Favor Boys. Retrieved February 3, 2010, from The Huffington Post: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/04/10/chinas-population-laws-th_n_185626. html Therese Hesketh, P. , Li Lu, M. , & and Zhu Wei Xing, M. (2005, September 15). The Effect of China’s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years. Retrieved February 4, 2010, from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://content. nejm. org/cgi/content/full/353/11/1171.

President Franklin Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies

Foreign policies, although sometimes similar, varies from administration to administration. The policy makers, who are normally the closest aids or sometimes-even confidants, tend to have tremendous influences on these guiding principles. The foreign policies of America have help shaped the world as it is today, whether by providing aids to countries that have no structural governments or by defending American interest abroad. An example of these policies is president Franklin Roosevelt’s quarantine speech, given on 5th October 1937. Adolf Hitler and the fascist Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini are irrefutably threatening the world’s peace. In an effort to protect the peace, President Roosevelt’s quarantine speech seems to be a devised policy that would counter such a threat. A major setback however is that the neutrality acts has been passed by congress, curtailing America’s capability of backing and or supporting nations with whom we empathize. Sources in the White House indicate that the president may find other ways of assisting friendly countries. In his speech, the president has articulated concerns about the agonies guiltless people face. Women and children are mostly susceptible to these bombings. Without the declaration of war, they are the primary casualties of war. Although collateral damage is inevitable, the suggestion by the president is that prevention can be achieved by mainly placing political and economic pressures on the aggressors. He said, â€Å"The one country that wants to be a power monger jeopardizes the peace of the other nations. However, the country, which respects the freedom of other nations, which exercises patience with consideration of the other countries, earns the longstanding mutual respect and the approval of others. † He concluded by stating that just as when a pandemic breaks out, the population approves the quarantine of the patients; the quarantine of discrimination and ruthlessness were going to be headstrong, it is necessary for the United States to stay away from war. In his words, the president alleged, â€Å"America hates war, American hopes for peace. Therefore America actively engages in the search for peace. † This speech coupled with the aggressiveness of Germany and her allies has aroused a surprisingly mixed reaction within the country, especially amongst the isolationists. Then again, it appears that the president does not have any particular programs or plans in mind to combat the rising issue at hand. In an effort to pressure the United States and reiterate the Open Door policy in China, a delegation was sent to a meeting with the 1922 signatories of the Nine-Power Treaty in Brussels. Meanwhile, the Japanese just seized the Chinese city of Shanghai and continue to penetrate deep into the country at the cost of 100,000 lives. As it stands, it is very likely that America will be going to war due to the Japanese bombings of the U. S. gunboat Panay on the Yangtze River in China while sailors were helping the evacuation of Americans from the embassy in Nanking. Again, America has escaped the tides of war as the Japanese conformed to American demands of apology and reparations. In the meantime, the imminence of war in Europe has driven the Roosevelt administration into seeking assistance for the British and French and still isolationists refute the idea of war. An example is William Borah, Senator of Idaho, who obstinately insists that his sources are more reliable than that of State Department, and according to them, war is unlikely. Despite all the efforts, the outbreak of war in Europe and the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor has led the United States to war with the belligerents.

A review of `act of violence’

Frank Enley (Heflin) who is a soldier of World War II, comes back home from the warfare after surviving a German POW campsite whilst the rest of his companions have been assassinated. What he is not aware of is that Joe Parkson (Ryan), one of his jail friends has survived. Parkson recognizes that Enley assisted the Nazis in exchange for foodstuff whilst at prison, and Parkson is a manhunt to demolish the so-called â€Å"war hero† (Briggs J, 2003, 177)Enley, who is at the moment married to Edith (Leigh), ought to confront his dark history as well as the fact that he is a coward not a hero of war. In the meantime, Parkson gets closer and close to attaining his revenge. Enley then sets out hiding by leaving behind his bewildered wife and surviving on the lam. Enley enlists the help of a prostitute, Pat (Mary Astor) as well as a Hitman (Berry Kroeger) (Briggs J, 2003)A comparison of Robert Ryan’s acting/story line‘Act of Violence’ must have been fascinating in 1948 when its idea was fresh. Enley is tracked by Parkson to a mountain lake and then Parkson pursues him home, pulling his lame leg around the home like Lon Chaney's Mummy ogre and driving Edith Enley partially wild with fear. Edith recognizes that something essential is awry when Frank declines to call the police or take any apparent safety measures against Parkson; his plan is to merely avoid him, as if going missing might resolve the problem. (Briggs J, 2003)Parkson has no difficulty tracing his mine to a contractor's convention in the city center of Los Angeles. Drunk, terrified and not to able to face his own guiltiness, Enley is selected up by a trio of skid line lowlifes. B-Girl Pat (Mary Astor, seven significant years following The Maltese Falcon) sets up Enley for a dishonest lawyer (Taylor Holmes) and a slimy hit man (Berry Kroeger) who searches for profit by getting rid of Parkson for cash. (Briggs J, 2003)The film's dramatics are peculiarly unresolved. Both principal ma le characters are crippled. Parkson is a physical/emotional mess of vengeance motivations, and Enley is a moral weakling. Detached from the root source, the women ought to look beyond their own understanding to realize what to do.Parkson's loyal darling Ann Sturges (Phyllis Thaxter) battles his revengeful expedition every step of the way, whereas Enley's unfortunate wife Edith has a more difficult predicament. She's disgusted when her handsome husband discloses himself to be gutless and guilty, but never goes beyond passively yielding to his desires, even when he repetitively deceives her, ‘good reasons' or no.Enley's whining explanation of the deadly wartime incident is so dreadful that Edith has no immediate reply. Her husband teamed up with his Nazi captors to live, a choice taken for individual survival and streamlined by the assertion that he was trying to defend his fellow prisoners. The consequence was that all of his bunkmates were unpleasantly murdered; Parkson surviv ed merely by pure luck. (Briggs J, 2003)Enley has managed a relaxed denial for three years, believing that all of the men affected by his fault were dead. But as quickly as Parkson materializes, he disintegrates into a whining child, alternately excusing and condemning himself, and most unforgettably weeping out in a downtown L.A. subway for Parkson not to pass away.Inquisitively, Enley's bad ruling in the P.O.W. campsite no longer appears so unforgivable, only in draconian rules of honor are starved men anticipated to die silently, remaining fully accountable for their actions as they give in. (Briggs J, 2003)

Auditing Contemporary Accounting Research

Auditing is the assessment of the books of accounts in order to ensure the future of any business entity. Audited assessments may not be pure and may be influenced by risks such as inherent. These risks are known as financial assessment risks which include control risk, inherent risk and detective risk. Various theories have been developed by financial frameworks to guide and help solve such risks at different financial review process stages. The scope of this paper contends to the review of inherent risk within a telecommunication company known as One.Tel Company. The paper further looks into various factors which may be the cause of accelerating rate of inherent risks as seen within the organization mentioned. There are other hypotheses such the area of going concern which has been discussed within the paper as well. Inherent risk is one of the assessment risks being experienced by the auditors during financial statement preparations of a given institution like one.tel. Inherent risks occurs as a result of fraud or oversights during financial report analysis (Menon and Williams 2010). This kind of risk may be controlled when various hypotheses and control measures are utilized accordingly. The risk is subject to accelerate and ranks high companies as a result of the various inherent factors discussed below.    Inherent factors leading to increase of inherent risk at the financial report stages in teOne.tel Company according to the given report. Lack of enough directors to administration the company The geographical market separation influencing the company sales abilities Incompetency as a result of new recruitments on going in the company Influx of several companies joining telecommunication industry Newness of one.tel into the industry Stiff competition in the industry from other stable telephony providers The expansion in inherent risk in One.Tel Telecommunication Company may be as a result of the insufficiency of administration abilities by the directorate identities who are new to the framework. In the events of few individuals with numerous obligations the rate of an increased inherent risk always stands high as the personalities are more likely to make mistakes.   One.Tel is working all around in the overall business sector. In the last trading period the association amassed a total of $M 678.2 from the arrangements in the overall business division. The association accumulated $M 429.4 from Australia, $ 144 million from the UK, France $ 15.1 million, $36.6 from Netherlands, $M 39.2 Hong Kong in conclusion $13.2 million from various parts of the world. This information shows the clumsiness on net offers of the association in the overall business segment (Al Nawaiseh and Jaber 2015). The association is a starting affiliation which infers new workforce enrollments who must grasp to the business structures of operations. Exactly when new characters are brought on board there is likely hood of oversights provoking extended inborn dangers. (New agents may be unfaithful to the evaluator to cover their idiocy inciting an extension in the intrinsic danger. There might be affectations for relationship to distort the budgetary report amplifying the inalienable risk. The motivations can be either from inside environment or the outside environment (Kerler and Brandon 2010). A valid example the shareholders' worth is extremely uncommon by virtue of One.Tel Telecommunication Company (Dusenbury et al. 2000). The Company has got shareholders' estimation of $M (365.6) which is seen to be abnormal. Such kind of recordings may be as result of longing for extended advantage by the association who may distort figures to procure a prize. Combinations in business and intense conditions would be foreseen to influence the inherent danger risk of a given substance like one.tel in the media transmission industry. The association is going up against strong competition from stable media transmission firms like Telstra owning 57% of the total supplies, Optus 31% and Vodafone owning 115 of whatever is left of the bits of the general business (Humphrey and Miller 2012). If there should be an occurrence of such firm competition, inalienable danger of little association joining the business revives at a higher speed. There is an inconceivable number littler scale transporters joining the business inciting an arrangement of compact supplier benefits and reduced expenses. The surge is as an eventual outcome of high competition, diminished earnings, expenses and low wage period per association inciting high inherent risk. The association has as of late joined the business in this way experiencing budgetary instability.it is exceptionally obvious that all the more consistent economies like that of Optus, Vodafone and Telstra are not slanted to dangers appeared differently in relation to various associations joining the systematic one. Less consistent economies attract high natural danger since there is nonattendance of business organization and operations inside a given industry inciting high characteristic danger. The gathering or the commentator evaluates the variables of the threats through sensible appraisal Evaluation of risk results into two sorts of threats which for this circumstance is an inherent risk. The recognized risk is a section of material misrepresentation of the cash related verbalization motivated by a couple of variables (Wilks and Zimbelman 2004). Variables relating to deception can be recognized in the midst of procedure change process while those component that prompts an expansion in inborn as a result of blackmail are identifiable by method for the AU demonstration 316. The above recorded elements coming as a consequence of misrepresentation can be distinguished and oversaw at a lower preliminaries of appraisal. Components prompting an expansion in inherent risk at the bookkeeping level Several abnormal transaction for the period ended Weakness of advantages for misfortune or misappropriation Conclusion required in deciding record parities As demonstrated by the books of records given the association is running more on liabilities than the advantages. In the event that the Ratio of liabilities to assets is high the rate of natural dangers climbs (Elder and Allen 2003). One.tel Company is experiencing wild augmentation in liabilities as showed in the books of record, current liabilities has extended in terms of finance in the late one year provoking an extended innate danger at the accounting level. This has been as an outcome of a development in the game plans, measure of got capita and the records payable. There is diminished rate of pay into the association provoking an extended characteristic danger. The abnormality of the figures in the receivables have reduced and the association needs to examine it from the edges (Allen et al.2006). The rate of pay period through the receivables has reduced from small amount into a higher value in the last ended period.   The rate of an expansion in the characteristic danger is high at the bookkeeping level when we make exchanges which require new preparing. In case of such case the evaluator of a business substance like One.Tel Telecommunication Company may commit errors prompting an expansion in inalienable danger. The benefit report gave indicates high rate of shareholders being brought into the association. This has been seen through the development in shareholders' quality. The association has issued an extensive measure of shares to get wage for the operations. Right when there is high shares being issued it happens into an extended inalienable rate at the books of records (Blay et al 2011). The rate of association borrowings have enlivened in the last trading period. Right when an association is chipping away at the reason of commitments the rate of inherent danger in the books of records upturns. The event of tremendous exchanges the middle of the exchanging day and age has a conceivable expansion the inalienable danger. Precisely when another exchange happens unequivocally towards the end of an exchanging period, there are high odds of slips in the books of records. Such different operations might be a test to the examiner and agents and may understand high characteristic hazard (Haron et al 2009). Right when an exchange is attempting, analysts may perform wrong strategy in the records in this way increment the trademark danger. A valid example the advantage and incident record given in the occasion that shows bizarre trade which has exceedingly extended. These peculiar trades may be as a delayed consequence of fakes achieved by weight from various environment. In the event that the arrangement amid an exchanging period is convoluted, it is likely that there will be an expansion in innate danger. Regarding One.Tel Telecommunication Company, the books of records shows complex sorts of exchanges, for example, the shareholder's disparity, stores and profit might be hard to comprehend prompting high innate danger at the bookkeeping level. The sort of judgment made by the evaluator amid the way toward adjusting of reviewers is prone to impact characteristic danger. In the event that the record report on a given exchange might be actuated by a few variables inside the organization (Gaganis and Pasiouras 2007). These judgments can be influenced by the sort of operation and the administration weight. The weakness of the organization's advantages for misfortune or misappropriations prompts expanded intrinsic danger at the bookkeeping level. Amid the exchange passages, it is apparent that straightforward misappropriation of a benefit result into quickened characteristic danger. Case in point taking scattering of an advantage for obligation may prompt an expansion in the innate danger (Herd and Lavelle 2014). There are several factor according the given financial report leading to the area of going concern. The area of going concern is based on accounting and audit report from the previous trading period. The financial reports from the company indicates the rate instability the company is experiencing. The company’s books of accounts indicates an increased rate of borrowings performed by the organization in the recent trading period (Carson et al. 2012.). It is clear from the above trade that the rate of going concern depends more on kind of benefit and misfortunes in the money related declaration. If there should be an occurrence of low benefit era, the nature of going concern stays low, when the sorts of a benefit is medium or high, the going concern is either low or high. Intrinsic danger in the association's cash related clarification is regarded to be high since the association works in a significantly controlled industry (Sanni and Zainab 2011). Regardless of the way that the suspicion may be correct, it is hard to coordinate the going with conditions that may provoke the going use of a going concern. The method for a running stress in run with depends on upon the utilization of the stipulated cash related framework. The way of productivity of a business impacts the way of the going worry as either low, medium or high. The organization is additionally having refundable shares of from the shareholders’ value. Regardless this clarifies the present circumstance the business and the need of going concern. One.tel media transmission organization chiefs and the review group ought to clarify conclusions whether to leave the business or continue in light of the going concern (Normah 1999). The area of going concern in this case is seen to be high based on the following issues. The company is running in debts, there is high rate of risks, poor management as a result few board managers and high share being issued to the public. Financial risk assessment is very important for the growth of any given business entity. It is clear as seen in the above discussion shows the relevance of the Nature of auditing performed in the business. The company is clearly running in negative indicating the need for the application of the area of going concern (Zainab et al. 2013). It is upon the audit team and the company board of management to make decision based on the area of going concern. The area of going concern is one of the hypotheses developed by GAAP frameworks. The area of going concern applied to any business depends on the relation of profit and losses. When the company is running at a loss the rate of going concern becomes proportionally high. Zainab, A.N., Sanni, S.A., Edzan, N.N. and Koh, A.P., 2013. Auditing scholarly journals published in Malaysia and assessing their visibility. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.5379. Normah, B., 1999, August. Malaysian serials: issues and problems. In 65th IFLA Council and General Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (pp. 1-8). Sanni, S.A. and Zainab, A.N., 2011. Evaluating the influence of a medical journal using Google Scholar. Learned Publishing, 24(2), pp.145-154. Carson, E., Fargher, N.L., Geiger, M.A., Lennox, C.S., Raghunandan, K. and Willekens, M., 2012. Audit reporting for going-concern uncertainty: A research synthesis. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 32(sp1), pp.353-384. Menon, K. and Williams, D.D., 2010. Investor reaction to going concern audit reports. The Accounting Review, 85(6), pp.2075-2105. Blay, A.D., Geiger, M.A. and North, D.S., 2011. The auditor's going-concern opinion as a communication of risk. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 30(2), pp.77-102. Feldmann, D.A. and Read, W.J., 2010. Auditor conservatism after Enron. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 29(1), pp.267-278. Geiger, M.A. and Rama, D.V., 2006. Audit firm size and going-concern reporting accuracy. Accounting Horizons, 20(1), pp.1-17. Geiger, M.A. and Rama, D.V., 2006. Audit firm size and going-concern reporting accuracy. Accounting Horizons, 20(1), pp.1-17. Haron, H., Hartadi, B., Ansari, M. and Ismail, I., 2009. Factors influencing auditor’s going concern opinion. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 14(1), pp.1-19. Gaganis, C. and Pasiouras, F., 2007. A multivariate analysis of the determinants of auditors' opinions on Asian banks. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(3), pp.268-287. O'Reilly, D.M., 2009. Do investors perceive the going-concern opinion as useful for pricing stocks?. Managerial Auditing Journal, 25(1), pp.4-16. Fitriani, L. and Sudarsono, D.T.E., 2007. Disclosure Index laporan Tahunan 2004 Emiten di BEJ. PESAT, Gunadarma, 2. Allen, R.D., Hermanson, D.R., Kozloski, T.M. and Ramsay, R.J., 2006. Auditor risk assessment: Insights from the academic literature. Accounting Horizons, 20(2), pp.157-177. Elder, R.J. and Allen, R.D., 2003. A longitudinal field investigation of auditor risk assessments and sample size decisions. The Accounting Review, 78(4), pp.983-1002. Wilks, T.J. and Zimbelman, M.F., 2004. Decomposition of Fraudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Risk Assessments and Auditors' Sensitivity to Fraud Cues. Contemporary Accounting Research, 21(3), pp.719-745. Dusenbury, R.B., Reimers, J.L. and Wheeler, S.W., 2000. The audit risk model: An empirical test for conditional dependencies among assessed component risks. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 19(2), pp.105-117. Mock, T.J. and Wright, A., 1993. An exploratory study of auditors' evidential planning judgments. Auditing, 12(2), p.39.

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