Ece 6604 Final Exam

Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE6604 Personal & Mobile Communications Final Exam Spring 2010 Tuesday May 6, 11:30am – 2:20pm †¢ Attempt all questions. †¢ All questions are of equal value. †¢ Open book, open notes, exam. 1a) 5 marks: The LCR at the normalized threshold ? for a 2-D isotropic scattering channel can be expressed as v 2 LR = 2? fm ? e , where ?= ? and Rrms = R ?p = R Rrms E[? 2 ] is the rms envelope level. i) Find the normalized threshold level ? o at which the LCR reaches its maximum value. i) Explain why the LCR at ? decreases as ? deviates from ? o . 1b) 5 marks: Consider a cellular system with a carrier frequency of 2 GHz. Suppose that the user is in a vehicle travelling at 60 km/h. Assuming that the channel is characterized by 2D isotropic scattering, ? nd i) the LCR at the normalized level ? = ? 3 dB. ii) the AFD at the normalized level ? = ? 3 dB. 2) The power delay pro? le for a WSSUS channel i s given by ? gg (? ) = 0. 5[1 + cos(2 /T )] , 0, 0 ? ? ? T /2 otherwise a) 3 marks: Find the channel frequency correlation function. ) 4 marks: Calculate the mean delay and rms delay spread. c) 3 marks: If T = 0. 1 ms, determine whether the channel exhibits frequencyselective fading to the GSM system. 3) Cellular CDMA systems use soft hando? , where the transmissions to/from multiple base stations are combined to give a macro-diversity. Here we consider the e? ects of path loss and shadowing and ignore multipathfading. Suppose that the received signal power corresponding to the link with the ith base-station, ? pi , has the probability density function p? pi (x) = v dBm) (x ? pi (dBm) ) 1 exp ? 2 2 2 2 . where pi (dBm) = E[? pi (dBm) ] The ? pi are assumed to be statistically independent. a) 5 marks: The reverse link uses selection combining such that the best basestation is always selected. In this case, ? s p (dBm) An outage occurs if ? s p = max ? p1 (dBm) ? ? th (dBm) , . . . , ? pL (dBm) (dBm) . What is the probability of outage? b) 5 marks: The forward link uses coherent combining such that ? mr(dBm) = ? p1 p (dBm) + . . . + ? pL (dBm) Again, an outage occurs if ? mr(dBm) ? ?th (dBm) .What is the probability of p outage if p1 (dBm) = p2 (dBm) =  ·  ·  · = pL (dBm) ? 4) Consider the reception of a signal in the presence of a single co-channel interferer and neglect the e? ect of AWGN. The received signal power, C , and interference power, I , due to Rayleigh fading have the exponential distributions 1 ? x/C ? ?e C 1 ? pI (y ) = ? e? x/I I pC (x) = ? ? where C and I are the average received signal power and interference power, respectively. a) 5 marks: Assuming that C and I are independent random variables, ? d the probability density function for the carrier-to-interference ratio ? = C . I Hint: If X and Y are independent random variables, then the probability density function of U = X/Y is pU (u) = pXY (v, v/u)|v/u2 |dv . b) 5 marks: Now suppo se that the system uses 2-branch selection diversity. The branches are independent and balanced (i. e. , the distribution pU (u) is the same for each branch. What is the probability density function of ? at the output of the selective combiner? 5) Suppose that a system uses selection diversity.The branches experience independent Rayleigh fading. However, the average received bit energy-to-noise ratio on each diversity branch is di? erent, such that ?i = 2? i ? o ? i = 1, . . . , L a) 5 marks: Find the probability density function of the bit energy-to-noise ratio at s the output of the selective combiner, denoted by ? b . b) 5 marks: If DPSK modulation is used, write down an expression for the probability of bit error. Obtain a closed-form expression if possible; otherwise leave your expression in integral form.

Leadership in The Great Debaters Essay

The Great Debaters, directed by Denzel Washington, is an inspirational movie about a specific debate team overcoming racism in the segregated South. It is based off of the debate team of Wiley College, a small religious black school in East Texas, during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Under the guidance of their coach Melvin Tolson, the team kept prevailing week after week against every single opponent. They started competing with other black schools but eventually worked their way to triumph over prestigious white schools as well. Their most significant win was against the all-white Ivy League team, Harvard. With the team’s encouraging story, this movie not only inspired people to make a change, but also presented how even students can make the world of difference. Although their actions made a big difference in fighting for what they believe, the students expressing their opinions by how they would present themselves is what eventually won over the crowd in the final victory. The leadership theme portrays greatly all throughout the movie by using body language, noble examples of mentoring, and finally a student becomes a leader himself. In the movie, the students’ body language itself truly shows a form of leadership that is unexplainable. Throughout all of the debates, one could see their passion in their eyes. For example, during the first dispute against a white team Samantha debates that it is possible for blacks to get a degree at a white college. The main part of her debate that wins over the audience is how emotional she gets about the subject. It also shows her confidence and deep passion in what she believes. Another moment that someone steps up to the plate in a leadership role is when Farmer’s dad comes to the sheriff office to help bail Tolson out of jail. Earlier in the movie we see Farmer Senior let the pig farmers walk all over him. These cruel individuals make him pay for the pig he hit, but not only that they throw the money on the ground and make him pick it up. Farmer sits in the car in awe because he cannot believe what is happening. Therefore, at the station Farmer is beyond proud of his dad for finally standing up for what he knows is right. Farmer Senior stands up calmly to the sheriff and the confidence in his posture is what won the battle. Also, during this scenario the entire debate team comes to jail to support their professor. Showing  their encouragement with poise and certainty, the team does not have to say anything because everything that needs to be said someone could see from their body language. From the start this was not just a team, but also a group of people that have come together like a family. Therefore, the movie does show how what one says could have a huge impact, but also if one should go beneath the words he or she could discover much more. Not only does the leadership portray through ones body language, but also, through mentoring and even one of the students, Lowe becomes a mentor himself. Having a mentor could strongly aid someone to succeed. Professor Melvin Tolson, their debate coach, revolutionizes the small college with his big ideas and unshakable hope for justice. Taking these young souls under his wings, Tolson taught them how to break the chains of inequality and ignorance with the words they spoke and how they spoke them on the debating stage. A strong example is how Tolson takes Lowe under his wing. From the beginning Lowe has been a troublemaker. We first meet him when he is drunk at a bar; not only is he drunk, but also starts a fight with another man for getting intimate with his wife. During the entire movie Lowe handles all of their hardships in the worst ways he could. Even though he is not the most responsible when it comes to dealing with difficulty, the professor sees something in him and makes him the team’s leader when they go to Harvard. Having to stay up all night preparing for the debate, Farmer and Lowe could not agree on anything so Lowe runs out. When he comes back though, the audience can see a different side of him. He gets so emotional in the hotel room and acknowledges how much negative happenings have affected him. Being the strongest debater, he steps down and tells Farmer that he will debate instead. This is such a huge part in the movie because it shows that struggle is such an enormous part of values. Lowe finally understands that anyone with a voice and is passionate about what they believe in can express their opinion on stage; it did not have to it the best debater. He puts Farmer in the position to flourish and he does succeed because he takes the audience to a true-life story of the lynching. In the end, Lowe has become a mentor himself. The leadership themes throughout the movie show that it takes struggle in  order to realize ones values, look beneath someone’s words to find leadership, and mentoring can be a huge part of guidance. When the team had to go through hardships it eventually made them stronger and realize what they really wanted to fight for. Also, it is not always about what someone does that makes him or her a leader, but how he or she does it. When one of the debaters took stage what usually won over the audience is how they presented themselves. Finally, the mentorship by Melvin Tolson is a main factor of the debate team’s success. His leadership is eventually passed down to Henry Lowe which helps the team come to a final victory against the Ivy-League school, Harvard. This movie is such an inspiration and portrays leadership unlike many other movies.

Discourse Analysis of the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discourse Analysis of the Article - Essay Example "Sometimes the way we ask for something, or our reasons for not doing something, are examples of faulty thinking and a 'victim' mentality. Eg: you want to return something to a shop, it's not right or it doesn't work. What type of language would work best "The first is a question, which is asking for a refusal. The second is a statement that demands good service. Whenever you need to ask or negotiate for something it is better to follow the 'Reason/Proposal' formula. "This type of language is sometimes called being assertive and it doesn't have to be unpleasant or aggressive. If you go for a neutral, nonpleading tone and a straightforward statement of fact, it's bound to work. "People will connect with you better if you try to match their tone of voice. If your tone is high pitched and fasts while the other people are slow and laid back, then the conversation will be out of synch. So pace your voice and tone to another person's and you will find that you will communicate better. "Victim of circumstance "It's so easy to fall into the trap of thinking life is 'out to get you' or that success is for other people. Even in the worst of situations, some people manage to be victors rather than victims, so watch your language or your negative thoughts. Every time you say or think: "I can't do that" try asking yourself, "What would happen if I did" "That's not a good thing to do" try asking yourself, "Who says it's not good" "It could all go horribly wrong" try asking yourself, "What's the worst thing that could happen" (BBC, OneLife).

Godfrey Hounsfeild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Godfrey Hounsfeild - Essay Example Furthering his career, he was employed at the Central Research Laboratories of the Electronic and Music Industry spearheading the completion of "Britain's first large solid-state computer and eventually adapting that design for use in transistors." These experiences ushered him to the idea of building the CT scanner. During 1967, Hounsfield hit the idea of building a computer-assisted tomography (CT) scanner, a computer which will aid in the analysis of X-ray data. His invention surpassed the traditional X-ray by presenting a more accurate picture of any organ in the human body. His device "use information from many X-ray scans of the same area, taken at different angles, to generate a composite image." Furthermore, this new machine is more convenient for patients as they can comfortably lie on their back during the whole examination. The precision and sensitivity of the CT scan made it important in the diagnosis and treatment of nuerological disorder. The revolution in technology facilitates the invention of more advanced CT scanners which can build images in less than a second and allows better spiral scanning.

CourseWork (the dead line is on the 26 of march ) i will be able to

(the dead line is on the 26 of march ) i will be able to give more time if needed - Coursework Example 2009). In the context of business planning, the factors associated with cost and benefits are critical and must be understood. Similarly, cost benefit analysis is also critical in the context of projects associated with GIS engineering and management. Scenarios This report is associated with cost / benefit analysis for two scenarios. The first scenario includes an interest rate of 4%, which indicates it as a best-case scenario, while the other scenario is the worst-case scenario with the interest rate of 10%. Specification for Costing Cost of five workstations with minimum configuration of Quad-core processor, 2GB RAM and 250GB Hard Disk is illustrated below: Cost of single Workstation * 5 = ? 1300 * 5 = ?6500 Cost of upgrades in Year 3 and 6 = 2 *?650 * 5 = 2 * ?3000 = ?6000 Licensing Cost for GIS Software Cost for Year 1,2,4,6 = ?10000, Cost for Year 3, 5, 7 = ?3000 Data Purchasing Cost Total cost of Map Purchase = ?19500 Employment Cost Total costs of Salaries increasing at 3.5% p er annum are as follows: Year 1 = ?195,000, Year 2 = ?202,000, Year 3 = ?209,000, Year 4 = ?216,000, Year 5 = ?224,000, Year 6 = ?231,000 and for Year 7 = ?239,000 Conversion and Miscellaneous Cost Conversion Cost (1 time) = ?5000 (Given) Miscellaneous Cost = ?3000 (Given) Benefit Total Savings in the context of employments as salaries are as follows: Year 1 = ?195,000, Year 2 = ?202, 000, Year 3 = ?209,000, Year 4 = ?216,000, Year 5 = ?224,000, Year 6 = ?231,000, Year 7 = ?239,000. Efficiency Savings (Increasing at the rate of 4.5%) For Year 1 = ?15000, Year 2 = ?15675, Year 3 = ?16380, Year 4 = ?17117, Year 5 = ?17887, Year 6 = ?18691 and Year 7 = ?19532. Scenario 1 ( Interest Rate 4%) The first scenario demonstrates the implementation of a GIS project with the interest rate of 4% which is considered as lowest when compared to normal. The interest rate of 4% (0.04), Fig 1.1 illustrates similarity for both cost and benefits in the graph over the period of 7 years , with the cost be nefit ratio of 1. Moreover, the net present value is also demonstrating 1st and 4th year of implementation is negative for the projects.In comparision with both the cases, consequent years 2 and 5 are highlighting recovery and constant positivity for the net present value. Figures for implemtation of the net present value over 7 years are calcuated as 16.54. Moreover, the profitibality month starts from the 2nd year till the 5th year with implementation outweigh is cost that conludes to benefit. Both the implementation present value and the net present value at the end of 5 years are positive. For this reason, productivity does not requires icrement as the net present value is already shoiwng healthy progress at the end of year 7. Scenario 2 (Interest Rate 10%) This is the scond scenario in which the worst case has been considered. The interest rate allocated for the worst scenario is at 10% (0.1), which is considerably high as compared to normal interest rates for worst case scenar ios. In figure 1.2, the demonstration of the graph is reflecting cost and benefit worms are close and following in the same direction, while it is also showing that cost overruns arises in 1st and 4th years . Whereas, the reaminder for cost and benefits

Reducing Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reducing Juvenile Delinquency - Essay Example This paper seeks to illustrate various aspects associated with juvenile delinquency and measures taken to lower the prevalence rates. Juvenile delinquency illustrates a violation of the law committed by a person under the legal age, but surpasses parental control, and thus is subject to legal action. Such violations of the law are not punishable by death or life imprisonment, but dwell on rehabilitating the offenders to become law-abiding citizens. Institutions such as juvenile detention centers and courts assist in dispensation of legal interventions based on specified procedures in the legal system. Furthermore, a juvenile delinquent is an under aged person who has been found guilty of a crime, and is protected by the law as a minor; hence cannot bear the responsibility for the crime (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). The age of criminal responsibility may be lowered in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the crime. This would imply that the individual could be tried as an adult. Negative behaviors among children and young adults translate into juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency has the potential of creating significant social disorder. Past and recent surveys have indicated that a high percentage of children and adolescents engage in activities that are in violation of the law. The reality of the situation is illustrated in the drop in the average age of first arrests made among young people. This can be attributed to the common notion that juvenile offences are normative adolescent behaviors. However, repeated or chronic offenders are most likely to carry on with the trend away from adolescence and turn into criminal elements or outlaws. At a tender age, delinquent behavior involves minor theft, but can evolve to violent acts involving the use of weapons as the individual nears the statutory age. Other delinquent behaviors include bullying, truancy,

Assign4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assign4 - Assignment Example With the last appearance on the Milky Way was the Supernova 1604 that happened in the year 1604 years ago. This is one of the latest appearances by the naked eyes of human beings. It is also discovered that the Supernova that happens occurs five times in a whole century. There is a question why this does not occur as the past for the last century of over 1000 years. This has made the galaxy to be deficient in a manner that the five occurrences are just an average whereby one century had more appearances of the supernovas than the others. Another reason for this is that the clouds sometimes blocked the occurrences of the Supernovas. The water originated from the Big Band theory where by the energy found on earth which made the outside of the earth to be hot causing particles which led to the particles. All this particles combined with the environment particles and formed the atomic nuclei that led to the water falls. Another way discussed is the mathematical description whereby the cosmic abundances are well explained. This is where there is unlimited amount of the helium and lithium left with more of the hydrogen. This is a mystery of the earth being covered by the ice for a long time from one pole of it to another. The snowball idea covers the coldest part of the earth having the climate that is imaginable. This is done by the sun being covered by the icy surface making it not to provide the required sun rays. With all the cold that moderates the weather by the oceans, making the climate of the atmosphere to be like that of mars. The evidence for the survival is that there were the distribution of the deposits in the Sturtian and Marinoan. The Marine and the thick carbonate are also interacting causing the deposits at the warmest parts in the ocean surface. On the contrary the deposits have different years of age and there are no extensions on the same deposits. For the use of the SETI experiments human beings are able to

Suture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Suture - Essay Example Suture was a neo-noir film of 1993 directed by David Seigel and Scott McGehee and it features actors Mel Harris and Dennis Haysbert. On that note, the photographic image both constructs the character’s identity and undermines the identity for the film viewers in several ways. For example, after Vincent Towers kills his father, he decides to fake his death (Grieveson & Wasson 98). Similarly, he attempts to murder his half-brother, Clay Arlington acted by Dennis Haysbert as a mechanism to change identities. This aspect helps in establishing the photographic image traits of Vincent in the context of the cinematic disparities. From the movie, we see that Vincent is white while his identical brother who is forced to suffer amnesia after a bomb to protect him is black. This incident supports the Apparatus theory that insists that, by nature, cinema is driven by ideological mechanics. Therefore, this is apparent because through the Lacan’s Mirror Stage effect that expounds on the value of self-identity and consciousness. On that note, while there is an element of a photographic image construction, there is also distortion of identity for the film viewers. For example, when Clay loses his memory and suffers amnesia, Dr. Renee Descartes attempts to quicken his recovery but his brothers comes back to kill him again. This results in the murder of Vincent Towers instead of his half-brother thus prompting Clay to adopt a, genuine permanent, identity (Chaudhuri 83). This decision affects most film viewers because it does not concur with Lancan’s notion of the Mirror stage that insists on self-identity and consciousness. Alternatively, there is a way in which the strategy of dis-identification in Suture undermines what Laura Mulvey calls the normative ‘visual pleasure’ of the film spectator. For example, Laura expounds on three different techniques of viewing a film that entail watching as the camera records the real events of the film, watch ing the film and interaction of characters in the film. Therefore, as observed in Suture the loss of identification of Vincent Towers who fakes himself is manifest of the violation of the visual pleasure. Similarly, the loss of Clay Arlington’s memory after suffering amnesia prevents the film spectator from interacting with the main characters in the film because of lost identity. In addition, the themes of betrayal and denial that are espoused by the main characters are an indication of the manipulation of the normative ‘visual pleasure’ fronted by Laura Mulvey in her essay (Grieveson & Wasson 109). Furthermore, after the recovery of his lost memory with the help of Dr. Max Shinoda, Clay is undecided on how dispose of one of his identities. This continues to complicate the aspect of ‘visual pleasure’ because the film spectator is denied the chance to think on the loss and recovery of identity. Therefore, because Suture takes away pleasure, there is a social function concerning race and class that is at work in the film. For example, Vincent Towers is a white who murdered his brother but tries to cover up using his black brother, Clay Arlington. This is an example of the disparity of racial boundaries because a white brother compels his black brother to suffer in order to get away with crime. On the same length, there is a determination by Vincent Towers to murder his

Organizing a trip to Edingburgh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Organizing a trip to Edingburgh - Essay Example Art and other portraits are among the major contributions of Edinburgh. Scottish art council, National gallery of Scotland, Scottish National Portrait Gallery and other art centers are the major attractions. Edinburgh has witnessed lots of International twin programs from various universities and colleges across the world. The trip involves a large number of students and members of the faculty who will guide the students in different aspects during the trip. Some other university staff will also be part of the trip and their assistance is expected to make the trip more fruitful. The date selected for the trip is the month of May when the University classes are suspended due to summer holiday (5TH May, 2009 to 9th May, 2009). Flight tickets are being obtained for all the persons going for the trip. As per the rate given by the travel agents, the air fare is 200' per person (100' for Wales to Edinburgh and 100' for Edinburgh to Wales). The trip will be in business class. Hotels will be booked in Edinburgh for the trip. The rooms will be of double or triple occupancy. Rooms will be allotted to students and staff as per their preference. As per the rates provided by the hotel manager in Edinburgh, each person has to pay 200 ' daily for lodging. This price includes all the hotel facilities except food. ll the people goi Cab Fare ll the people going for trip are to assemble at the University campus. Cabs will carry them from the University campus to Wales airport on day 0. Cabs will also be hired to transport people from Hotel in Edinburgh to the airport of Edinburgh. As per the rates provided by the Cab association, they are going to charge 10 ' per person. All the cabs will be fully air conditioned. Food All the participants will be provided with breakfast, lunch, evening snacks and dinner. Breakfast will be provided by the hotel in Edinburgh. For lunch, restaurants have been selected in Edinburgh with flexible food items. Three different restaurants have been selected for three days of trip in Edinburgh. The restaurants have

Hull House, Chicago Illinois Essay Example for Free

Hull House, Chicago Illinois Essay Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr’s work of architecture spree, beautifully designed and of scholarly taste, artistic designs and with the flavor of social touch and as said by Regina Buccola â€Å"the vanguard of the world wide settlement House movement†, was dawned in 1889 as Hull House. It was first among the few settlement houses with uniqueness lying in its spearheading a national movement making the path for the establishment of five hundred more settlements by 1920. Addam’s efforts earned it as one of the most reputed settlement houses in the United States. Hull House became a landmark piece more as a political and social intrigue instead of architectural. The complex was a dream of Addams to make it a place for the social and economic emancipation of women. She was from the prosperous family and was very well conscious of her position as among the few of the first generation of women getting opportunity for education. Hull House was part of her passionate appeal to bring the women at the front, and give them liberty to assert their thought process. Hull House was primarily run by women, although men were also involved in it as well. In its vicinity, women found liberated from subjugation while giving them lots of opportunities in the public sphere. Many of the buildings of Hull House were designed by architect Allen Pond taking the inspiration and idea from the Gothic architecture of Toynbee. While looking at the interior design of the Hall House, one can see the structure itself embodying philosophies of social reformer John Ruskin and the arts and crafts movement of the time. The main mission behind the settlement was opening of avenues for spreading education and giving women opportunities for participating in social activities. Besides providing needed help to the people, ladies residing in the Hull House were actively participating in social reforms on the local, state and national levels. Hull House was thus the home not just for individual advancement but also for changes that impacted society as a whole. In many decades that followed Hull House became the avenue for the several female figures including Florence Kelley, Alice Hamilton and many more who were instrumental in initiating many of the reforms. Florence and Alice were the ones who validated the social problems of Chicago such as child exploitation, unhealthy and dangerous living and working conditions. It was on account of their efforts that led to the passing of the legislation for meeting educational needs of students, for providing compensation to workers, making it mandatory for the companies to provide occupational safety and fulfilling several of the social issues. Hull House was also the avenue for the building of first public playground and bathhouse, and created awareness on cleanliness and sanitation issues and their initiation towards formulation of the legal reforms, which led to the setting of the first juvenile court in the United States. Members of the Hull House had an incredible influence on the setting of urban planning and directing the nationwide transition toward setting of branch library systems. They also initiated upon making proposals for setting up public dispensary to provide nutritious food for the sick, a child day care center and public baths for the underprivileged sections of the population. It also became a rejuvenating force behind the changed social and political order. To add to it Hull House also saw the establishment of ‘Chicago Arts and Crafts Society’. Journalist Paul Kellogg also termed the group of Hull House residents as the â€Å"Great Ladies of Halsted Street† as to their altruistic efforts. The Hull House complex was fully accomplished seemingly forming into full circle by the end of twentieth century. Now the University of Illinois spread on to the city block with the original one mansion and one adjoining structure all that remains on the site. These two buildings now support the ‘Jane Addams Hull-House Museum’. Though now it does not have any centralized location still it is rendering its base for the various social service activities and programs through out the city. Hull House was no doubt an avenue of great historical importance, for the initiation of many of the reforms to its credit but it cannot be deemed as a great endowment for architectural delight. Thomas Wolfe was highly critical of the buildings and the mansions influenced by Modern Architecture and International Style in his book From Bauhaus to Our House. He criticized the architectural works for their adhering and laying base to their thoughts process to theory and placing the architecture on the political philosophy. He said that like in the literature or the works of art, if the scrutinized eyes of creators frame the architecture world, no one would appreciate it. According to Wolfe, many of the architects had no prior goals but to be always thinking like futuristic. All in all, Hull House will always remain as an emblem of social grace and reformation.

Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Quantitative Chemical Analysis Quantitative chemical analysis, which is commonly referred to as stoichiometry, is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and the products in a balanced chemical equation. The term stoichiometry is a combination of two words derived from the Greek language: stoicheion (meaning element) and metron (meaning measure). Stoichiometric calculations are dependent upon the law of conservation of mass which states that all matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus in any chemical reaction that occurs in a closed system the mass of the products is equivalent to the mass of the reactants. Due to such laws of nature, a chemical equation must be balanced in order for the amounts to remain equivalent following the reaction (Chemical Stoichiometry). The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent the ratio between the particles in a perfect reaction, where all the particles in a chemical experiment will react. These ratios are also classified as the stoichiometric or mola r ratio, which can be compared between any of the compounds in a reaction, which includes both reactants and products. These ratios can be used interchangeably for any particle in stoichiometric calculations because moles simply represent a specific amount of particles, thus the molar ratio within the equation is the proportional relation of each element or compound to one another. Stoichiometry is also useful when calculating mass ratios because if the mass of any substance in a reaction is known, the mass of any other substance can be calculated (â€Å"Reaction Stoichiometry†). Stoichiometric calculations are very important in real life applications because having the accurate proportions of any item is important when limited amounts of a certain reactant is present, which is useful to reduce cost and waste. Additionally, stoichiometry is significant in the field of chemistry as chemical calculations can be used to prevent overdose since many chemicals may be toxic in inade quate amounts. An example of an everyday stoichiometric calculation can be displayed through the act of making a smore. Two crackers, one marshmallow, and three chocolate squares must be used to formulate an entire smore (as show in figure 1). One can only be formed if exact amounts of each ingredient is used. However if only 1 cracker is available, a smore could no longer be formed. Figure 1. Stoichiometry is most commonly used when one reactant completely reacts with the other in a chemical reaction. These absolute amounts are called theoretical yield. On the other hand, when performing a lab, the reactants will not be in perfect stoichiometric amounts because of potential errors that occur during an experiment. Therefore the actual yield of an experiment may not correspond to the theoretical yield. In order to find the percent yield, the theoretical yield must be divided by the actual yield and multiplied by one hundred. Examples of errors that may result in loss of yield include temperature, surface area, pressure, medium, the purity of the reactants, procedural mistakes, poor technique, lab accidents, or miscalculations (Theoretical and Percent Yield). As well, competing reactions can also contribute to the loss of yield. These reactions occur at the same time as the initial reaction, and consequently use the compounds and element in the initial reactions. Due to the many factors can contribute to the amount of yield lost, it is important that their effects are considered once performing the experiment. In stoichiometric calculations there will most often be leftover reactants causing a short supply, due to the imperfect quantities of each reactant due to the potential errors or an insufficient amount of a reactant. In an equation that is not in a perfect stoichiometric ratio, a limiting and excess reactant will always be present. The limiting reactant is the one that forms the smaller amount of product, thus stopping and limiting the reaction after it is completely consumed. While, the excess reactant is the one that is leftover after the reaction is stopped by the limiting reactant (Chemical Stoichiometry). Using the smore as an example, if an insufficient amount of ingredients are present than a smore cannot be formed. If there are four crackers, one marshmallow, but only five pieces of chocolate squares, only one smore will be assembled instead of two. Hence, in this scenario the chocolate squares would be the limiting reactant. Even though the chocolate squares represent the la rgest number of ingredient, an inadequate amount is present therefore the rest of the ingredients will appear in excess. It is important to always use the limiting reactant to determine the final product. If an excess reactant is used, there would not be enough of the limiting reactant to create the product. In addition, it is not possible to determine the limiting reactant instantly from the masses given, since stoichiometry is in proportions by moles. The mass of each compound cannot be compared because the molecular weight of each compound is different. Nevertheless, compounds can be compared by moles since molecules react on a molecular level which makes the amount consistent throughout the chemical equation. For example, the amount of one mole of hydrogen is equivalent to one mole of carbon, although one mole of hydrogen weighs 1.01 grams while a mole of carbon weighs 12.01g. Therefore, in all standard stoichiometric calculations any measurement must first be converted into mol es in order to be compared to another (MOLS, PERCENTS, and STOICHIOMETRY). The purpose of the lab performed is to produce two grams of copper through a single displacement reaction between Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate and solid Aluminum. When determining whether a single displacement reaction will take place, the activity series (See Apendix _) must be considered. Given that Aluminum is higher on the activity series than copper, meaning that it is more reactive, the Aluminum will begin to bond with the chlorine, thus replacing the Copper in the Copper (II) Chloride compound. This would result in the Copper (II) Chloride compound to break apart, creating solid Copper and Aluminum Chloride solution. Another factor that must be considered when performing a single displacement reaction, is that the compound must be changed into an aqueous solution, in which the element would then be placed. Consequently, Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate must be dissolved in water when creating an aqueous solution. An exact amount of 4.23 grams of aqueous Copper (II) Chloride an d as well as 0.566 grams of Aluminum must be used in order for a perfect reaction to occur, which was established through stoichiometric calculations (See Apendix _). However, this experiment required Aluminum to act as the excess reactant, therefore 1 gram of Aluminum was obtained instead of 0.566 grams. Additionally, since only Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate is available, and the anhydrous form was used in the balanced chemical equation, the amount of the hydrous form must be found in order to identify how much must be utilized. Through stoichiometric calculations (See Appendix _), 5.36 grams of Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate would need to be acquired for a perfect reaction to take place. Although, since lab data is not generally accurate due to procedural inaccuracies, the actual yield obtained during the trial may not correspond to the theoretical yield, which was determined using the stoichiometric calculations. Without error exactly two grams would be produced, however an oxid ization process will occur which will consequently add on additional weight to the solid copper product. Due to oxidization and as well the possibility of not being able to remove excess aluminum from the product, the estimated yield percent would most likely be over 100%, but may be balanced out if any errors in the process of the trial take place. WORK CITED Source: Boundless. â€Å"Reaction Stoichiometry.†Boundless Chemistry. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 18 Apr. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/chemical-kinetics-13/reaction-rates-98/reaction-stoichiometry-414-3637/ http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/stoichio.html http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/quantchem/thtclandpctyld.html http://www.chemtutor.com/mols.htm

Culture: The Wests Biggest Export? :: Tourism Tourist Papers

Culture The West's Biggest Export? I spent a month over the summer of 2002 trekking in Borneo with a team of 15 other boys from my school. This was the first time that I had traveled outside England, my home, to a destination that was not geared towards hosting tourists. The expedition provided me with a very interesting perspective on the march of developed culture across the globe. The tourism industry is simply one example of this expansion, but it is an interesting example because it is the industry that takes the public to these â€Å"exotic† lands. The 20th century has seen the creation and rapid expansion of the tourism industry, fuelled by our ability to travel faster and more conveniently to remote places on the planet. Tourism describes a huge variety of different activities, all falling under the banner of people traveling for pleasure. I think of tourists as falling into two main categories, those people who travel to find somewhere to relax, and those who travel to experience new cultures. The first category has less direct effect on the spread of tourism, as these people prefer to travel to places in developed countries, where they can relax in comfort. The second category likes to travel to experience new cultures and environments without necessarily having a relaxing trip. It is these people who are constantly pushing the tourist industry into new areas. Once the tourist industry realizes a region is becoming popular with adventurous tourists, big resort hotels appear, and the wild is tamed for the benefit of the to urist who likes to feel adventurous without having to endure the hardship of dingy, cockroach-ridden hotels. The location is now ruined for the adventurous tourist. These westernized resorts can be found all over the world, giving a highly sanitized version of the local culture. This leaves the adventurers to go in search of a new location to visit, an even more remote and exotic place is visited, and so the cycle continues until we will have a resort hotel next to every lake, mountain, forest and beach on the planet. I have been lucky enough to see this expansion of tourism firsthand during my trip to Malaysian Borneo in the summer of 2002. This was a very interesting place to visit because different parts of the country are at different points in the transition between untouched wilderness and popular tourist spots.

What Motivates Employees Essay -- Employee Motivation Essays

How do you get things done in an organization? First, you must have managers who can delegate to employees. Effective managers have the ability to get things done through other people. This is accomplished by motivating employees to accomplish tasks. A manager must be able to delegate these tasks to employees. The technique a manager uses to motivate employees to work for him, will either motivate or dissatisfy employees. Motivated employees will work with the manager to achieve company goals. Those employees who are dissatisfied will work against company goals. It wasn't that long ago that employees were considered "just another input into the production of goods and services."(Linder 1998) Elton Mayo had a big impact on the view of employers at the time. Beginning in 1924 and continuing through 1932, Elton Mayo conducted the Hawthorne studies Linden, 1998) He concluded that employees were not solely motivated by money. Elton Mayo Previously believed that outside stimulus like lighting and physical surroundings affected productivity. Yet, no matter how they changed the stimulus during their experiment production increased. "It turned out that the stimulus that affected production most was being observed: being the focus of attention motivated people to hard work." (Cohen 1998, 93) His discovery was later refereed to as the Hawthorne Effect. His discovery changed the way managers looked at employees and they encouraged them. Encouragement is a technique managers use to motivate employees. â€Å"A supervisor’s willingness to give encouragement is not only an expectation of many employees but is beneficial in terms of job productivity†(Davidhizar 1997, 16). Employees feel better about themselves... ...3-94. Davidhizar, Ruth and Shearer, Ruth. â€Å" Giving Encouragement as a Transformational Leadership Technique.† Health Care Supervisors. (March 1997) : 16 - 21. Jukiewicz, Carole L. and Massey Jr, Tom K. â€Å"What Motivates Municipal Employees: A Comparison Study of Supervisory vs. Non-Supervisory Personnel.† Health Care Supervisors. (Fall 1997) : 367 - 378. Linder, James R.. Understanding Employee Motivation.† Journal of Extension. (June 1998) : Vol 36 Num 3. McConnell, Charles R.. â€Å"Mixed Motivations: The Leadership Contradiction.† Health Care Supervisors. (December 1998): 63 - 70. McConnell, Charles R. â€Å"Learn What Motivates Your Employees: Look to Yourself.† Health Care Supervisors. (June 1998) : 1 - 11. McConnell, Charles R. â€Å"Employee Involvement: Motivation or Manipulation?† Health Care Supervisors. (March 1998): 69 - 85.

Violent Video Games

Researchers, parents and educators are all discussing the controversy around violent video games and their influence on kids. The audience seems to be divided into two large groups: one is in favor of restricting or even banning violent video games as they make children (and, arguably, adults as well) more prone to aggressive behavior, like that seen on the screen. Opponents of this view claim that video games do not cause violent behavior in real life and are, in fact, a safe outlet to natural aggression and frustration.Representatives of the first group such as John Leo, in his article When Life Imitates Video† argue that watching countless deaths and identifying with killers would undoubtedly lead to people feeling more comfortable about violence and suffering in their everyday life. He even goes so far as to say that playing games that involve shooting people is akin to undergoing training to kill (in other words, it is like a â€Å"dress rehearsal† of potential murd ers). (Leo 1999).On the other hand, there are claims that violent media are beneficial Cones), because in the present world kids are at a higher risk of growing up passive and weak than violent and riotous, and when hey see examples of rebellion, domination and well, violence, they are able to channel their suppressed feelings and deal with issues that otherwise remain unresolved. In my opinion, violent video games cannot be directly responsible for real-life violence but on the contrary they can help release stress and anger in non-violent methods.John Leo agrees that most murders are not directly connected to violent games. However, he says that some murders are. In particular, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, the students who murdered 13 and wounded 21 more people in Columbine high school massacre, enjoyed playing video games such as Doom, and they acted out in real life what they have seen on the screen. Well, even in this particular case, it is not that simple. Obviously, a lot m ore than playing murderous games contributed to the actual killings in Colorado.The teenager murderers were frequently the victims of bullying (involving being covered in ketchup in school cafeteria and having fecal matter thrown at them). Once they were arrested based on wrongful accusations, and that was very traumatic for both of them. The mother of Dylan Klebold admitted that she prayed that her son would ommit suicide – this illustrates lack of support for the boy in the family. The other youth, Eric Harris, was taking an antidepressant, which he abruptly discontinued, and that is another possible reason for emotional instability and elevated aggression levels.All of the above does not indicate that Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris were completely innocent. They were not. Yet, there crimes were not caused directly by video games, as most likely their playing violent games were not a cause but an outcome of frustration which they had because of different factors. If there ar e essons to be learned from this massacre, it is necessary to realize that to prevent another incident like that from happening, it would be insufficient to Just ban violent video games.A lot of issues involving peer and teacher support, mental health, prevention of bullying, education, closer attention to what is going on in kids' lives need to be resolved to promote safety and make sure this type of episode is never repeated. Also, video games have been around for several decades, while Going back to the Colorado massacre, Dylan and Eric thought very highly of Adolf Hitler. Their obsession with anti-human philosophies has no connection to violent video games, but obviously it displays that the kids were not properly socialized.The games were not the only outlet of feelings of aggression, rejection and frustration that the boys carried around. And, speaking of Adolf Hitler; he obviously never played violent video games, simply because they were not around back then. That did not ma ke him a nice person, ready to resolve conflicts peacefully. And he is not alone, human history abounds in ruthless, cruel, ready to inflict pain and degrade other people. And, historically, these dictators have not played violent computer games either.Gerard Jones is more persuasive because he is talking about his personal experience and that of his son, and some other real kids. Unlike John Leo, who did not seem to do the background check on the Colorado massacre (or else, ignored the findings and picked out only the facts that support his theory), Gerard Jones' evidence looks more persuasive, as he indicates that violent video games (and comics, and other media products, for that matter) not only channel aggression, they help to manage such emotions as fear, greed, rage and power hunger.In modern society, those emotions are considered inappropriate. Children, however, have to deal with them – and imaginary selves, capable of handling and using those motivations, are very h elpful in this aspect. Statistics show that crime does not go up in the countries where people play a lot of video games. The crime rate depends on other things: prosperity, economics, psychological wellbeing, and so on, violent media content does not seem to be one of them. However, maybe virtual violence make people less sensitive and more engrossed with themselves, less emphatic to others?These matters are really hard to measure; however, in my opinion, our society is placing emphasis on equal opportunities, fair play, human rights and charity. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that people now are callous, insensitive and heartless. That is simply not true. The studies that show that there is a link between violence on screen and violence in reality, say that there is a connection but not necessarily cause-and-effect dependency. In other words, people who tend to be violent would choose violent games, while the reverse statement does not hold true.It is true that the video games, movies, comics and stories all bear influence upon the society at large and each individual member of it. Indeed, watching indiscriminate violent content all the time does not contribute to a child growing up into a reasonable, intelligent or, for that matter, healthy adult. However, there is no sufficient reason to state that there is a direct connection between violent video games and real-life violence; they rather demonstrate are verse effect of calming down negative feelings. Works Cited Jones, Gerard. Violent Media is Good for Kids. June 27, 2000. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 Violent Video Games Researchers, parents and educators are all discussing the controversy around violent video games and their influence on kids. The audience seems to be divided into two large groups: one is in favor of restricting or even banning violent video games as they make children (and, arguably, adults as well) more prone to aggressive behavior, like that seen on the screen. Opponents of this view claim that video games do not cause violent behavior in real life and are, in fact, a safe outlet to natural aggression and frustration.Representatives of the first group such as John Leo, in his article When Life Imitates Video† argue that watching countless deaths and identifying with killers would undoubtedly lead to people feeling more comfortable about violence and suffering in their everyday life. He even goes so far as to say that playing games that involve shooting people is akin to undergoing training to kill (in other words, it is like a â€Å"dress rehearsal† of potential murd ers). (Leo 1999).On the other hand, there are claims that violent media are beneficial Cones), because in the present world kids are at a higher risk of growing up passive and weak than violent and riotous, and when hey see examples of rebellion, domination and well, violence, they are able to channel their suppressed feelings and deal with issues that otherwise remain unresolved. In my opinion, violent video games cannot be directly responsible for real-life violence but on the contrary they can help release stress and anger in non-violent methods.John Leo agrees that most murders are not directly connected to violent games. However, he says that some murders are. In particular, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, the students who murdered 13 and wounded 21 more people in Columbine high school massacre, enjoyed playing video games such as Doom, and they acted out in real life what they have seen on the screen. Well, even in this particular case, it is not that simple. Obviously, a lot m ore than playing murderous games contributed to the actual killings in Colorado.The teenager murderers were frequently the victims of bullying (involving being covered in ketchup in school cafeteria and having fecal matter thrown at them). Once they were arrested based on wrongful accusations, and that was very traumatic for both of them. The mother of Dylan Klebold admitted that she prayed that her son would ommit suicide – this illustrates lack of support for the boy in the family. The other youth, Eric Harris, was taking an antidepressant, which he abruptly discontinued, and that is another possible reason for emotional instability and elevated aggression levels.All of the above does not indicate that Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris were completely innocent. They were not. Yet, there crimes were not caused directly by video games, as most likely their playing violent games were not a cause but an outcome of frustration which they had because of different factors. If there ar e essons to be learned from this massacre, it is necessary to realize that to prevent another incident like that from happening, it would be insufficient to Just ban violent video games.A lot of issues involving peer and teacher support, mental health, prevention of bullying, education, closer attention to what is going on in kids' lives need to be resolved to promote safety and make sure this type of episode is never repeated. Also, video games have been around for several decades, while Going back to the Colorado massacre, Dylan and Eric thought very highly of Adolf Hitler. Their obsession with anti-human philosophies has no connection to violent video games, but obviously it displays that the kids were not properly socialized.The games were not the only outlet of feelings of aggression, rejection and frustration that the boys carried around. And, speaking of Adolf Hitler; he obviously never played violent video games, simply because they were not around back then. That did not ma ke him a nice person, ready to resolve conflicts peacefully. And he is not alone, human history abounds in ruthless, cruel, ready to inflict pain and degrade other people. And, historically, these dictators have not played violent computer games either.Gerard Jones is more persuasive because he is talking about his personal experience and that of his son, and some other real kids. Unlike John Leo, who did not seem to do the background check on the Colorado massacre (or else, ignored the findings and picked out only the facts that support his theory), Gerard Jones' evidence looks more persuasive, as he indicates that violent video games (and comics, and other media products, for that matter) not only channel aggression, they help to manage such emotions as fear, greed, rage and power hunger.In modern society, those emotions are considered inappropriate. Children, however, have to deal with them – and imaginary selves, capable of handling and using those motivations, are very h elpful in this aspect. Statistics show that crime does not go up in the countries where people play a lot of video games. The crime rate depends on other things: prosperity, economics, psychological wellbeing, and so on, violent media content does not seem to be one of them. However, maybe virtual violence make people less sensitive and more engrossed with themselves, less emphatic to others?These matters are really hard to measure; however, in my opinion, our society is placing emphasis on equal opportunities, fair play, human rights and charity. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that people now are callous, insensitive and heartless. That is simply not true. The studies that show that there is a link between violence on screen and violence in reality, say that there is a connection but not necessarily cause-and-effect dependency. In other words, people who tend to be violent would choose violent games, while the reverse statement does not hold true.It is true that the video games, movies, comics and stories all bear influence upon the society at large and each individual member of it. Indeed, watching indiscriminate violent content all the time does not contribute to a child growing up into a reasonable, intelligent or, for that matter, healthy adult. However, there is no sufficient reason to state that there is a direct connection between violent video games and real-life violence; they rather demonstrate are verse effect of calming down negative feelings. Works Cited Jones, Gerard. Violent Media is Good for Kids. June 27, 2000. Web. 24 Feb. 2013

Dear Diary

A few days ago, I ran into these strange-looking witches that had brought forth a prophecy that I hadn't believed. The prophecy stated that I shall replace Duncan, my King, from his title. This news was indeed compelling but Just the thought of ever replacing the King was something I could never do. I had to share this news with someone, so I went to the one person I trust more than anyone in this world, my wife. She was delighted to hear that I could be named King, but seemed devastated that I was hesitant on taking a type of action that could gain me the throne.I had been persuaded by my wife into assassinating the king and taking his crown. Ever since then my life has changed enormously. These past few days have been like a nightmare for me, a nightmare that I have to live in until my last breath. In order to remain king and keep the title in my family, I must take action towards the people who have the ability to that away from me. Therefore, my best friend, Banquet, and his sons must be eliminated because the prophecy from the witches had stated that his sons will be the true heir of the throne rather than my sons when they are born, which I can't let, happen.I can't kill again; the circumstances this time around are different than before. I am the king now, and after everything I had gone through Just to get this title I can't Jeopardize that. Due to the choices I had made, I need to be the most patient and kind king the world has ever seen, I need to remain calm at all times, and under no circumstance may I ever tell a soul of the actions I had taken to be where I am today. This Is what my future lays for me. This Is what my life shall look like from here on.

Outline: Police and American Civil Rights

Ethnicity and the Police Part I: Outline Ethnicity and the Police Part I: Outline (1) Introduction (a) Police corruption (b) Citizen complaints relative to ethnicity (2) Body (a) Police corruption i. Prevalence of police corruption ii. High levels of police corruption iii. Several Cases of police Misconduct (b) Violation of Amendments i. Abuse of power (c) Citizen complaints against the police i. African American civil rights groups (d) Controlling Police Officer Behavior in the Field i. Using what we know to regulate police ii. Initiated stops and prevent racially biased policing 3) Conclusion (a) Police corruption and citizen complaints relative to ethnicity Over the years, the police have been involved in unethical events that have made the community no longer trust them. These events will never be erased in the eyes of society. The worst part is that now the racial acts, abuse of authority and violation of human rights are over the hot spot. With all these unethical acts, the pol ice department is leaving the worst impression in many minority communities, because of the corruption and brutality that comes from the police patrolling the areas.The police should leave a positive impression with the communities that they serve, this way the police will be able to ask the community for help when needed. Peacemaking is the basic duty of the police force; if police is caught doing things that is not ethical in the community eyes the situation in the community will not change. The public perception of the police is the criminal justice system should work on the factors that cause the public to lower their trust in the way police treats their communities.Making better police in the community can result if there is better cooperation from the criminal justice system. The way police handles combating crime and brutality most attempts to redeem police image would involve education for both public and the police on the effectiveness crime control measures. References Sta ples, R. (2011). WHITE POWER, BLACK CRIME, AND RACIAL POLITICS. Black Scholar,  41(4), 31. Taslitz, A. E. (2003). RESPECT AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT. Journal Of Criminal Law & Criminology,  94(1), 15.

Law of associations partnerships Essay

Canny Gabriel Castle Advertising Pty Ltd & Anor v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) => this case suggests that the emphasis which is to be placed on the continuity of â€Å"business† is not heavy to a point of absolute decision. Our conclusion that the joint venture was a partnership, from which the parties anticipated profits and provided that the advance by Volume Sales to the ‘joint venture’ should be a first charge upon profits and that upon the repayment of such sum the profits should be divided equally, rests upon the following considerations: 1. the parties became joint venturers in a commercial enterprise with a view to profit; 2. profits were to be shared (see Partnership Act 1892 as amended (NSW) s 2(3)); 3. the policy of the joint venture was a matter for joint agreement and it was provided that differences relating to the affairs of the joint venture should be settled by arbitration (see cll 7 and 9); 4. an assignment of a half interest in the contracts for the appearances of Cilla Black and Elton John was attempted, although, we would have thought, unsuccessfully; 5. the parties were concerned with the financial stability of one another in a way which is common with partners †¦ carrying on†- what does that mean? Smith v Anderson (1880) ? tells us it involves the repetition of an act. => An ordinary partnership is a partnership composed of definite individuals bound together by contract between themselves to continue combined for some joint object, either during pleasure or during a limited time, and is essentially composed of the persons originally entering into the contract with one another. What if we do NOT have repetition? Is there carrying on of a business? No. for fairness reasons the Re Griffin Ex parte Board of Trade (1890) 1 undertaking can actually lead to a partnership? United Dominions Corporation Ltd v Brian Pty Ltd and Others (1985)? evolution In Common It is not necessary, in order for a business to be carried on in common, that all of the alleged partners actively participate in the day to day management of the firm’s business. All that is necessary, in the above context, is for the firm’s business to be carried on either by or on behalf of all of the persons who are alleged to be partners. An important consideration in this respect is whether there are mutual rights and obligations between those on whose behalf the business is being conducted. Legislation – Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) provides that : (1) Partnership is the relation which exists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit and includes an incorporated limited partnership. If the definition in s 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) is satisfied then the law of partnership may apply. If a partnership is not proved it may be possible to apply other principles of trust or equity to the fact scenario. Cases Smith v Anderson 1880 => Investment case $100 for 90$ and the share holders do not know of the other people purchasing. Hence no partnership. Lack of common interest. Lang v James Morrison & Co Ltd (1911) => The High Court upheld the appeal, finding that there was no partnership. Chief Justice Griffith observed that:[T]he real substance of the transaction was that the plaintiffs and Thomas McFarland agreed to enter into a joint venture. They were not partners as against third parties, but each party had certain rights against each other. Separate bank accounts where kept Must have an element of principle and agent right- did not exist. Fiduciary duty is important View of Profit This element requires that the association must have as its object the acquisition of financial or pecuniary gains for its members. By way of contrast, in Wise v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1903) AC 139, Lord Lindley noted that, in unincorporated voluntary associations, the intended gain is not for the individual members. Legislation – Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) provides that : (1) Partnership is the relation which exists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit and includes an incorporated limited partnership. If the definition in s 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) is satisfied then the law of partnership may apply. If a partnership is not proved it may be possible to apply other principles of trust or equity to the fact scenario. Cases Bova v Avati (2009) – Truth And substance of the arrangement – Wilkshire, ex parte Delihasse. The law from this is? The court decided they where of partner even though †¦.? ARE THE FACTS COMPLETE? Are they in a partnership? Presumably yes. â€Å" DELIHASSE† quick finance has a lot of control despite the fact they do not share losses – the rules from S 2 SS3 are rebuttable due to delhasse. STATUTORY RULES Rule 1: co-ownership S 2(1) The holding of property jointly as co-owners will not of itself create a partnership as demonstrated in Keith Spicer Ltd v Mansell [1970]. Facts: two individuals purchased a premises upon which they hoped to establish a restaurant. They intended to form a company for this purpose. -Prior to this formation, furniture was purchased by X for from a third party and was not paid for, so the third party then wanted to sue Y on the basis that it was in a partnership with X. – The court said there was no partnership as X and Y were not carrying on business in common but were preparing to do so as a company. – Acts carried out in contemplation of a business being undertaken in the future did not point to a partnership. Further, the holding of property jointly did not change things. Rule 2: Sharing of gross returns S 2 (2) the sharing of gross profit will not be enough to create a partnership. This is demonstrated in Cribb v Korn (1911): Facts: Korn was employed as a rural worker by a landowner. The landowner entered into an agreement with Cribb under which the landowner had the exclusive use and occupation of a certain area of Cribb’s land. – As part of the agreement, Cribb would provide machinery and stock and the landowner would pay Cribb half the proceeds of sale of the produce of the land and stock, whenever this occurred. – Korn was injured while working and claimed worker’s compensation from Cribb on the basis that Cribb and the landowner were partners. – HELD: HC said there was no partnership, it was a mere tenancy. As the landowner had exclusive rights to occupy the land and Cribb had no right to direct or control the landowner’s working of the land, there could be no partnership but merely a tenancy. Further, the sharing of gross returns was not enough to establish a partnership, but merely constituted a rent. Rule 3: Profit and loss sharing S 2 (3) The difficulty in the interpretation of this subsection lies in its use of the expression ‘prima face’ to qualify evidence. It would seem that the fact of a profit-sharing scheme is admissible in evidence as to the existence of a partnership, but that fact by itself is not enough to draw the inference that there was a partnership: Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (1979). In Cox v Hickman (1880), Cox and Wheatcroft were getting a share of the profit as creditors but were not found to be partners. According to Wightman J at 443: â€Å"it is said that a person who shares in net profits is a partner; that may be so in some cases, but not in all; and it may be material to consider in what sense the words ‘sharing in the profit’ are used. In the present case, I greatly doubt whether the creditor, who merely obtains payment of a debt, and no more, out of the profits of the business, can be said to share the profits. † The general rule is: Section 2(3)(a) of the PA provides 5 cases where the presumption that it is a partnership does not arise: 5 exceptions S. 4 –Firm definition – partnerships that has not been incorporated S. 5 (1) – Every partner within a partnership (excluding limited partnerships) has the right to represent the other partners for the purpose of the business as an agent UNLESS, they have no authority, or the person being dealt with believes they are not a partner. 5 (2) – General partner has the same power over general partners in a limited partnership unless (a) they have no actual authority to act; (b) If the person dealing with the GP knows that he has no authority, or does not believe them. S. 6 (1) S. 7 – Is for the case where if there is a use of credit for private reasons (1) if a partner does so it does not bind the firm unless he has special authorisation; (2) This same principle applies to General Managers. s. 8 – If there is a contract between partners set up saying that there is a limited authorisation or restriction and it is breached then it is not binding. (1) partner (2) incorporated limited partnership S. 9 – Liability of a partner. Every partner in firm is jointly liable with the other partners for all debts and obligations incurred while the partner is a partner. (2) general partner; (3) despite (2) a general partner wont be liabe because of (a) & (b). S. 10 – (1)

The “Ohlone Way”

The Ohlone are native peoples who, prior to Spanish colonization, inhabited the coastal region of Northern California. Although regarded as one group, the Ohlone, also called Costanoans, were in truth composed of small, independent groups with members ranging from 100-250 (Cartier, 1991). Their values and perception of the world gave rise to a subsistence economy, communal culture and equalitarian leadership structures. Unlike other larger native Americans who settled down into elaborate cities and developed complex economies, the Ohlone tradition was largely communal (Cartier, 1991).They viewed the land and all resources in nature as sacred. Nature was not something to be individually owned because man not superior to nature but is part of it. Man then has the common responsibility to take care of it for the welfare of future generations. As such, their economy was largely subsistence based which means they worked to obtain what was just enough to keep them alive. There was no conce pt of accumulation of wealth or private property (Margolin, 1978). The tools used in production were crude. They moved their communities a lot in order to follow the bounty of nature ready for harvest.These movements also allow the regeneration of the resources they have used. Because of these factors, their activities were limited to hunting, horticulture, fishing and gathering (Cartier, 1991). A group activity, animals were hunted, trapped or poisoned to be eaten. By pruning, reseeding and burning, the availability of plants extremely necessary for their survival were ensured. They picked medicinal herbs, shells, nuts, eggs and other items they needed. This economy gave rise to a politics that is equalitarian. Leadership was not based on property but on wisdom, capacity and character, the determinants of social status (Margolin, 1978).Although there were wealthier members in the group, they did not take advantage of those who are poorer. Rather, it is the wealthy who were obligate d to provide the resources needed for festivities or to contribute the most during the death of another member. In summary, the Ohlone, may seem backward compared to other indigenous groups or to the present society. However, their economy, politics and culture were the products of their interaction with nature. Because lifeways change over time, population growth and the discovery of better tools and technology would have no doubt contributed to their development as a people.

Berthe Morisot, The PInk Dress, 1870 and YOung Woman Sitting on a Research Paper

Berthe Morisot, The PInk Dress, 1870 and YOung Woman Sitting on a Sofa, 1879 - Research Paper Example However, a woman artist also belonged to this group but was not acknowledged in the art history or by the contemporary critics. She is Berthe Morisot, with more than 400 paintings to her credit. Most of Berthe Morisot’s paintings apart from her landscape paintings have women in her family as the subject. There is an underlying paradox in the contemporary as well as modern view points and criticisms of Berthe’s works of art and Berthe as an artist. While books on art history do not list her as a major Impressionist, or associate her as a disciple or student of Manet, and her works to follow his style, feminist art and history critics look upon these as essentially patriarchal. However conflicting the views are, it should be considered that nothing else could be a better source of learning the techniques of Berthe’s art than her paintings themselves. The critiques are interpretations painted in different social and ideological colors. Berthe Morisot’s gender, social status, personal relationships had a huge influence on her as an artist, from the choice of the subject matter to the painting techniques adopted. This paper looks into Berthe Morisot painting technique and compares two of her paintings â€Å"The Pink Dress† (1870) and â€Å"Young Woman Seated on a Sofa (1879) to deduce the developments and changes in the latter painting from the earlier one. Also, it analyses her art from a perspective of Berthe as a woman, impressionist and a bourgeois. [Thesis statement after finishing the essay] A few have shown interest in studying the art technique and the social background of Berthe Morisot. This has happened after her works gained international reputation post-death. A close observation of the characteristics of the period in which Berthe lived would be of great help to contextualize her as a woman artist of nineteenth century. Anne Higonnet’s biography of Berthe Morisot is a significant work that throws light on Berthe as an individual and

Gender and Play within the Foundation Stage Dissertation

Gender and Play within the Foundation Stage - Dissertation Example In spite of this wide difference in the styles of individual children’s play, it is generally believed that the gender of children greatly influences the style in which they will play, especially for the children under the age of six. I had paid particular concentration to the activities and the roles that each child had taken and the characteristics of the social interactions exhibit by the children like their readiness to listen, share, and to react to the requirements of other children. Aims and Objectives: To identify the role of gender in the play activities of children in the foundation stage. To study the behavior of the children in the play group, particularly when they participate in the same gender group and when they are involved in different gender group To identify the social communication displayed by children while playing in a group Introduction to Gender and Play: It is important to study the role of gender in the play of children and play related behavior. It is well recognized that when the age of children increases, they are more inclined to get engaged in social play, taking place from less to more mature types of social interaction. Still, there are noticeable differences in individuals, in the extent to which children shows their willingness to take part in the peer play. The qualities of children’s play are associated with measures of social motivation and competence, in particular with peers† (Barbu n.d.). One ultimate realm or the channel of development in a child is gender identity. The growth of gender identity cuts across the developmental dimensions related to physical, social, cognitive, and emotional aspects. However, just like all channels of development, it is essential to bear in mind that every child is unique, and can develop more quickly or gradually (than the other children). The theory of development of gender identity explains about how little children learn to realize their gender, and what gender si gnifies in their day to day life.     Young children recognize the distinction between girls and boys, and thus they mark people. As young children grow up, they attain an enhanced understanding of gender identity. Children realize that gender is constant over time. The children in the age of six are aware of the consistency of gender, the thought that they belong to one gender for life. The gender identity of a child appears in the early stages of life and as soon as the gender identity is recognized, the change occurs in the form of play initially. When a child identifies himself or herself boy or as a girl, it paves the way in playing further with other children belonging to that gender. Once the children engage in gender-specific play, they form the tendency to play more with their same gender group and they will play with opposite-gender group, very rarely. This inclination increases along with the growth of the children in the years of preschool. â€Å"Children’s p lay is generally considered to be spontaneous, imaginative and child-initiated. When a progressive philosophy is ascendant in early child education policy and practice, play assumes a privileged position as the key means by which children are considered to develop cognitive, emotional and social competencies† (Irby & Brown 2011, p. 31). The interaction with children at the age of six revealed that, these children do trust that there are playthings that are certain meant only for boys, and that there are some

Hate Groups Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hate Groups - Research Paper Example Its main objective was to uplift spiritual social and economic conditions of African Americans. However, the group attracted many critics that it is supporting the Black Separatist ideology. The nation of Islam is not affiliated to any larger hate group but has interacted with many foreign influential persons. These include the dictator of Libya Col Gaddafi and Omar al-Bashir of Northern Sudan. According to Gibson (2012), the nation of Islam advocated for the adherence of the five pillars of Islam faith. It teaches faith, morality, mutual respect and discipline. They discourage premarital sex, abortion and the abuse of substances including the use of tobacco and alcohol. He created the malicious and ‘devil white ‘. Fard preached the coming of an overthrow restoring the superiority of blacks. This group holds that intermarriages or race mixing should be forbidden. Like other Muslims, they believe there is no other God but Allah but to them he came in the form of Fard. On an interview in the media, Fard explained that God used black mud to model a black man who was the first man. The whites emerged from a contraceptive measure generated by Yacub. Wallace further preached that according to the bible the fall of Babylon was symbolic to today’s America to fulfill prophesy of the book of revelation. NOIs ideology of anti Semitism is dominant in the organizatio n with its leader Elijah calling Jews greedy for imposing Jesus to authority. Farrakhan held a lot of prejudice during the early days of civil movement campaigns. Some of his remarkable words were when he called Hitler a very great man and Judaism a dirty religion. His biased remarks against Jews and whites attracted a lot of appeal from many African Americans. This racist ideology by Wallace spread fast, and he gained a lot of fame among the blacks. The United Kingdom forbade him from visiting the United Kingdom as the officials saw his as a

Proposal outline Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline - Research Proposal Example Millions of citizens probably could be out of employment. Therefore, countries wishing for high employment levels can do this only via changes in investment magnitude, which will in turn increase national income. The independent variable in the research study is the wellbeing of the population while the dependent variable will involve the national income level and its determinants. The independent variable will change with varying levels of employment and investment that determine the national income level. Most of the data on the determinants is to be found in literary works, and government records, therefore, there will be minimal reliance on data from professional practice. This will necessitate qualitative research to integrate document analysis into the research design. The research will be interested in identifying the determinants of national income and the way the income correlates with the population’s national wellbeing. Through combining with data on population, national income, can give a clear measure of wellbeing based on the country’s per capita income, as well as its growth with time. National income can also be combined with data on the country’s labor force in the assessment of productivity’s level and rate of growth. National income could also give, in combination with monetary and financial data, a guide to the country’s level of inflation. The study’s conclusion reveals that in the presence of full equilibrium of employment scarce resources can be allocated to alternative employments, as well as preservation of free enterprise, which would see income being distributed on input market pricing factors. This would come with appropriate safeguards for the disadvantaged, which would improve general wellbeing of majority of the population. The necessary determinants were provided that could be used to explain the manner

The Canadian Legal System vs. The United States Legal System Research Paper

The Canadian Legal System vs. The United States Legal System - Research Paper Example The abortion law was found to violate the rights of women when it comes to their â€Å"freedom of conscience† and â€Å"liberty†. Women’s rights are protected in the Canadian constitution that’s the reason why the government is reluctant to touch the topic regarding the unborn since it would be a violation of the women’s constitutional rights to do so. In Canada, women are given the power of choice. The government funds abortion through the Canadian Medicare except for two provinces which refuses to grant it full funding even if it is required by law. This refusal is because of two reasons; one is because of politically motivated anti-choice biases and the discrimination of private clinics which are operating outside of the Canadian healthcare system. Most of the abortion procedures are done in public hospitals but most of the hospitals do not perform the surgery. Having access to the procedure is a major problem for women in major places. This predicament leads women to travel distances (Arthur, 2011). In America, the abortion law has lots of restrictions even if it is legal. The American court ruled a â€Å"trimester framework† for abortion. On the first trimester, the law allows doctors to perform the procedure regardless of reason disregarding the right of the woman to choose. On the second trimester, a state could regulate the abortion only if it is for the woman’s health. In the third trimester, which is after viability, states could protect the unborn life except if it is necessary to protect the well-being of the mother (Monahan, 2006). Parental consent is needed for teenagers seeking an abortion. In contrast to Canada allowing the use of public funds, the use of public funds and facilities for abortion in America is not allowed. Viability tests are also required after 20 weeks. And women are forced to have a waiting period and visit the clinic at least two times. Monahan, Michael ( 2006). Planned

Ice breaker Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ice breaker - Article Example It is a novel idea to subdivide larger groups into smaller ones so as to get more of the benefits and attain the goals quicker. Considerations in splitting the group are to enhance the generation of new ideas and talk about problems from different perspectives. Further, the grouping may be to attain a different mix of the particular groups. Ways of dividing a large group may include favorite drinks or dinners, their hobbies, their wear, complexion and even their favorite flavors. However, the list is not exclusive and can include other options beyond this scope. In addition, the inclusion process should cater for accessibility, communication, use of labels, acknowledging the difference and previous evaluation. Gaming is an important form of meeting whose participants include both those with or without disabilities. The idea behind it is to master the art of being a leader, cooperation, accepting defeat, working in shifts, cooperation, accommodating others and observing the terms and conditions. Further, you learn how to respect choices made by colleagues and better your skills. The point is to learn and adapt the situation around especially for the students who have disabilities. Other activities that are beneficial to this course is dividing the groups, chicken impulse, circling the circle and creating first impressions. Further, developing the art or knowing each other, marshmallow tower, paper pieces and thrashing your ego are very necessary. They all advance group solidarity, participation and establishing means of ice breaking when in different

Wal-Mart Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Wal-Mart Strategic Management - Essay Example But certainly the situation was not the same in the late 1950s or early 1960s, when Wal-Mart began its operations. Porter's five forces analysis proves to be quite useful in finding out the attractiveness of an industry. Porter came out with the five forces analysis, which helps in analyzing the attractiveness of an industry by taking into account different aspects of the business. Porter's Five Forces have become a yardstick for assessing industry profitability. This helps the retailer in consistent performance and planning. The five forces are; Suppliers: In today's context, large supermarkets like Wal-Mart have the overwhelming advantage over the small shopkeepers, as they are in a position to dictate the price they pay to the suppliers. The situation may not be as challenging for suppliers as now, but the lucre of supplying large quantities to reputed companies had always been there, as it helps the suppliers to leverage the economies of scale. Well, the number of stores of Wal-Mart and its presence was not as prevalent as today, but we must also take into account that the population and number of customers too was less. Therefore, even if we go back by about 55-60 years, we could easily figure out that the power of suppliers was not substantial enough to dictate terms to Wal-Mart. This helped the company to further strengthen its discount retail business. Competition: Competition in the retail business is a relatively newer phenomenon. The era of colonialism can very well be said to have given shape to the trend of globalization, but the roots of modern era of globalization came on the horizon in the late 1970s or early 1980s. Policies of liberalization by many countries around the world provided the all important catalyst to the modern era of globalization. There were indeed some reputed companies like K-Mart, Sobeys Inc, Family Thrift Centre etc in the retail business when Wal-Mart came out its concept of discount retail business, which might have given interesting competition to Wal-Mart even during those early days. Potential Entrants: Looking at the number of retailers and timeline of their origin, it becomes quite clear that the retail business seemed to attract quite a few entrepreneurs. Dan's Super Market, Wally's Supermarkets etc. are some of the new entrants during the 1950s, which found the retail business quite attractive. Therefore, while carrying out the discount retail business, the threat of new entrants was quite genuine one for the company even during those days. Buyer/ Customer's Power: If we go by the present circumstances, it is amply clear that today the customer is indeed treated like a king. Today companies believe in trying all out efforts to invite the attention of the customers and provide them with attractive discounts, better quality products and services. But the situation

Conan Doyle Essay Example for Free

Conan Doyle Essay In the The Blue Carbuncle Sherlock Holmes solves the mystery of a stolen diamond. The criminal in this story is a man named James Ryder. After James Ryder had stolen The Blue Carbuncle he stuck it down a gooses throat. The goose that had the diamond was distributed the Breckenridge Stall, then sold to a goose club at the Alpha Inn. Sherlock Holmes bumps into James Ryder outside the Breckenridge Stall. Sherlock Holmes makes the criminal confess to what he had done. Sherlock Holmes then lets him go free because he thinks that he will not commit any more crimes, because of how fearful he was. It was quite important for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to create a strange atmosphere because it adds to the tension. All three stories have strange and unusual atmospheres, but each storys atmosphere is different. In The Red Headed League, Conan Doyle describes the area of Saxe-Coburg Square. He shows how unpleasant and muddled the area is. It was a pokey, little, shabby-genteel place, where four lines of dingy two-storied brick houses looked out into a small railed-in enclosure, where a lawn of weedy grass and a few clumps of faded laurel bushes made a hard fight against a smoke-laden and uncongenial atmosphere. The words that are used here show the messiness and unpleasantness of the area. The words pokey, little, shabby-genteel, dingy and smoke-laden all give a pretty good idea that the area was quite chaotic. In The Speckled Band Conan Doyle created a thrilling and frightening atmosphere, as if it was a horror story. The Speckled Band was set at Stoke Moran in Surrey, which is where Julia Stoner was killed. At the beginning of the story when Helen Stoner is talking to Sherlock Holmes about her problems she describes how the night was when Julia was killed. It was a wild night, this shows that that night was unlike any ordinary night. The wind was howling outside, and the rain was beating and splashing against the windows. This describes a lot of the atmosphere; it shows that the weather was quite stormy. This also explains why Helen couldnt sleep. Suddenly, amidst all the hubbub of the gale, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. Conan Doyles intended effect was to thrill the reader; Conan Doyle has achieved this by using the words wild, howling and beating. Here the writers effect was to try and scare or thrill the reader. Whereas in The Blue Carbuncle the atmosphere was a little different. It was a bitter night. Here, Conan Doyle is trying to show the reader that it is cold outside. He achieves this by describing the night as bitter. The reader will also know that it is cold because Holmes and Watson both put on their ulsters and cravats. Outside, the stars were shining coldly in a cloudless sky, here Conan Doyle is trying to show the reader that the area is very calm and peaceful, unlike in The Red Headed League where the area is busy and unpleasant. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used different ways to show that these stories take place in the 1880s and 1890s. Most of the time he mentions carriages, which were used in that time. Nowadays carriages are not used because they have been replaced by cars. In The Red Headed League when Sherlock Holmes is memorising all the shops at Saxe-Coburg Square he comes across a shop that makes carriages. McFarlanes carriage-building depot. Here the writer intended to show the reader that this was a time where carriages were used as a form of transport. The effect on the reader is that the reader knows this story is set in the 1890s. Conan Doyle also uses dates and newspapers to show that these stories are set in the 1880s and 1890s. In The Speckled Band and The Red Headed league Conan Doyle mentions the date, but he does not mention the date in The Blue Carbuncle. In The Speckled Band, right at the beginning of the story while Dr. Watson is narrating, he says It was early in April, in the year 83; hear the writer is showing the reader that this story is taking place in the year 1883. In The Red Headed League, the note that Jabez Wilson shows to Sherlock Holmes had a date on it. The note said, THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE IS DISSOLVED. October 9, 1890. Also when Mr. Wilson is showing Sherlock Holmes the advertisement he mentions the date on the newspaper. It is The Morning Chronicle of April 27, 1890. Just two months ago. By saying that the newspaper was from two months ago, Conan Doyle is telling the reader that this story was set in 1890. Conan Doyle did not always use the same techniques, to show that each story was set in the 1880s and 1890s. Unlike The Speckled Band and The Red Headed League, in The Blue Carbuncle there are no dates to show that the story is set in the 1880s and 1890s. Conan Doyle uses different techniques to show that this story is also set in that time. In The Blue Carbuncle and The Red Headed Conan Doyle refers to gas-lit lamps, as gas lamps were used in the 1880s and 1890s. In The Blue Carbuncle when Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson were jus about to leave the Breckenridge stall, Watson narrates Turning round we saw a little rat-faced fellow standing in the centre of the circle of yellow light which was thrown by the swinging lamp. He also says, He sprang round, and I could see in the gas-light that every vestige of colour had been driven from his face. Also in The Red Headed League Watson says, We rattled through an endless labyrinth of gas-lit streets until we emerged into Farrington Street. These references to gas lamps show that the stories were set in the 1880s and 1890s. Conan Doyle also referred to matches in The Speckled Band. Even though we use matches nowadays, we do not use them for the same purposes as in the 1880s and 1890s. In those times they were used to see in the dark or to light lanterns. When Helen stoner is talking about what happened to her sister Julia she mentions a match. In her right hand was found the charred stump of a match, and in her left a match-box. This shows that when Julia woke up she struck a match to see what was going on. The value of money in the 1880s and the 1890s was much different than the value for money now. At that time people were paid around i 4 a week, which was considered quite a lot of money. Whereas, people now are paid much more and with i 4 you cant really buy much. The social differences in those times also show that these stories were based in the 1880s and 1890s. If you look at Helen Stoner, she was a rich woman that lived in a big house with servants. In those times rich people were considered superior to poorer people. Nowadays you wouldnt find servants working for rich people, because weather your rich or poor you have rights. The audience or readers would recognise the places named in the stories, which are all in England. The intended effect of the writer was to make the reader feel as if he or she was in the story itself, which would make it feel more dramatic. Conan Doyle achieves this by using areas in London that most people live in. Places such as Holborn and Harrow. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used very unusual titles for his stories to intrigue the reader. When a reader sees the title The Speckled Band, he or she wouldnt think of a venomous Indian snake. The reader wouldnt know what to think, which make them want to read the story to see what The Speckled Band is. The same with The Red Headed League, which is a very unusual title. The reader wouldnt think that that The Red Headed League was a club for read headed people who were paid i 4 a week for copying the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Conan Doyle uses these unusual titles to throw the reader off track. In The Speckled band Conan Doyle makes the reader think that the gypsies are the ones that killed Julia Stoner. He makes it look like all the evidence points to them. Helen Stoner says, perhaps to these very gypsies in the plantation. I do not know whether the spotted handkerchiefs which so many of them wear over their heads might have suggested the strange adjective which she used. The effect on the reader was that he or she would be thrown off track to make the story feel more interesting. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses some very interesting openings to grab the readers attention. Also, every character that Conan Doyle introduces is different in some way, which makes the story feel more interesting and also to intrigue the reader.

The Impact Of Advertising On The Mass Media Media Essay

The Impact Of Advertising On The Mass Media Media Essay With the social and economic development and frequent international cultural exchange, the traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television are going through a increasingly stable development in recent years. With the rapid development of high technology, Internet media is emerging as the fourth. These resulted in more frequent exchange of social information, and now advertisers have more convenient channels for their goods and services promotion. Mass media has become a major promotional platform for advertising; both news and advertising are interdependent and mutually compete for the TV broadcast time and newspaper pages published. Advertising development is bound to have increasingly important influence on the development of mass media. Firstly, this paper will outline the research background and rationale. Following this, it will explain the intention and the importance of the research. Then, it will explain the aim and the objectives of the research. Next, the paper will review previous literatures which are related to this study. This is followed by the methodology of the research. The paper will explain the resource, sampling and ethical considerations of the study orderly. Finally, it will make out the conclusion of the study. Background and research rationale Advertising is a particular need, since the production and exchange of goods, advertising had began to be used in the life. The worlds first ad is conducted by voice, also known as oral advertising, which is the most primitive sell advertising, which is characterized by simple forms of advertising in particular. Back in the early slave society of ancient Greece, people do the slave and livestock trade by public advocacy and yelling out the rhythmic ads. The invention of the printing press created a new era of advertising. In 1473, Britains first publisher, William à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kanke Si printed a lot of publicity religious content of the print ads and posted them in the many streets in London; this is the first Western print advertising. In 1622, Nicholas Brown and Thomas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ke Qieer, who were both from the UK, founded the first English newspaper ¼Ã…’which was named Weekly News and was published in London. Since then, newspaper has become a main carrier of advertising. To the end of 1830, America has had about l200 pieces of newspapers, and 65 species of them are daily newspapers. Most or first full-page edition of many newspapers is advertising. 1830 -1850 is the penny press era, because the price is a penny foe each piece of newspaper. Due to the low price, the sales had increased, and the effectiveness of advertising had also been increased. While popular in the newspaper ads, magazine ads are increasing, and a large amount of advertising agencies and advertising companies showed up since then. With the development and popularization of radio and television, they became a major carrier of advertising, because they have benefits of quick spread, vivid images and a wide range covering, which are more easily to attract the attention of consumers. After the 1980s, with the rapid development and popular of electronic media, computer began to be used for advertising design and planning. With high-tech, advertising has become part of the information dissemination activities in our lives. Inevitably, the development of advertising caused a lot of impact on mass media, both positive and negative. Aim and Objectives The aim of this study is to find the impact of advertising on the development trends of mass media, there must be a very complicated relationship between advertising and news in the mass media, and as all known, news provide real and quick information to people, but the function of advertising is totally different, which will lead different impact on the mass media. This research is aimed to find out all the elements which cause these differences and the result in the final. This study will firstly introduce the original and historic development of advertising which takes the mass media as the major carrier, and then analyze the relationship between news and advertising on the aspects of their differences and common points, and find out how they influence mass media in different ways. In the following this study will explain the impact of advertising on the development trends of mass media, from both positive and negative aspects. Following suggestions which aim at improving the development of mass media will be given in the end of this study. Literature Review In the study The impact of Advertising on media bias, Esther Gal-or, Tansev Geylani and Tubapinar Yildirim (2010) investigated how and in what extent the advertising affected the extent of bias in the media. They believed that, when making choices on which media to do the advertising and how much they would like to pay for it, advertisers would evaluate both the size as well as the composition of the readership of the different medias, in this way, when the total ad spending to a fixed advertising costs, it can be used as a reference value, according to advertisers strengths and weaknesses to make the final choice. They stated that, Reasons for the existence of media bias range from journalists desire to enhance their career opportunities to medias incentive to increase audience ratings. In a recent paper by Mullainathan and Shleifer, a link is established between subscription fees and media bias. There are some people doubts the objectivity of the mass media when they are purchasing economic benefit. Serge Kasper (2008) pointed out in his weblog The Impact of Advertising on Society that, Critics has accused advertising companies of falsely using the power of sound and visual to convince unsuspecting buyers to purchase products that dont offer what they promise. John Harms from Southwest Missouri State University and Douglas Kellner (1990) from the University of Texas at Austin had cooperated a study Toward A Critical Theory of Advertising, in which that pointed out that The studies such as what stated before have explore how the mass media influenced by advertisers and business, which is reflected in news and cultural differences.. According to these previous studies, this point is almost inevitable. Chuck, Blore (2000), who is one of the partners of the advertising firm Chuck Blore Don Ruchman said that Advertising is the art of arresting the human intelligence just long enough to get money from it. And this determined that the advertising is totally different from news in the function and purpose when they are televised or published. Shah (2008) stated that, Since the emergence of mass media, business is very natural to take them as channels and platforms to the promotion of products and services, there is nothing wrong in this point, because it makes the share of information and innovation come true and influence peoples daily life. Methodology Data Collection This paper studies the impact of advertising on the development trends of mass media, which requires doing some analysis on a common phenomenon for many advertising sector of media, and drawing basic conclusions. If only concrete on individual cases, apparently, the conclusion can not be representative of all media in common. In this article, I will collect enough detailed information, and the questionnaire will help the final conclusion to a large extent. All the previous studies about advertising and media, as well as their relationship will be taken as useful data, and they will be collected and analyzed in a scientific way. Questionnaire Interview In order to collect quantitative data for this study, this paper will use structured, close ended and five-point method to design questionnaire according to previous literatures. Before carrying on the questionnaire, this paper will try to summarize as more as possible previous study on the relevant topic, and analyze the information from different angles. A set of questions will be distributed to 10 people whose jobs are relevant to media or advertising and to another 10 who are common audiences and readers. Also there would be 2 open-ended questions and some interviews to those recipients. Through the questionnaire and interview, those aims are expected to be realized: 1. Is the advertising also an important information resource in the daily life? 2. Do people believe what the advertising tells about? 3. When the mass media provide time and space for the advertising, are they only pursuing economic benefit? 4. Will the advertising have negative influence on the reliability of mass media? 5. Is it reasonable to separate news and advertising in the media? All these questions above will be put into the questionnaires in detail, and the feedback will be gathered after the interviewees answering them, then the data will be summarized and the analysis will be make out, which will be helpful to the research of this topic. Timescale This study will be carried on from XXX. The total term approximately will be XXX weeks. The following will the various stages schedule of the work which is going to be done in the future. It will design the questionnaire of this study according to previous related literature from XXX to XXX. Moreover, this dissertation will implement pre-investigation to research the questions brought out in the above. It will implement converting data according to questionnaire, analyzing data, describing the results of analysis in XXX. It will gather all data together and write the draft of this study by the end of XXX. It will implement rectifying the dissertation and editing it according to standard format from XXX to XXX. Following this, it will make the final amendments and print the dissertation from XXX to XXX. This dissertation will be finished on XXX, 2010. The schedule arrangement will be carried on critically according to timescale.